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Abdelaziz Bouteflika
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=== First term as President, 1999–2004 === [[File:Vladimir Putin 4 April 2001-1.jpg|thumb|206x206px|[[Vladimir Putin]] and Abdelaziz Bouteflika in Kremlin, Moscow, on 4 April 2001]] In 1999, after Zéroual unexpectedly stepped down and announced early elections, Bouteflika successfully ran for president as an independent candidate, supported by the military. Bouteflika subsequently organised a referendum on his policies to restore peace and security to Algeria (involving amnesties for Islamist guerrillas) and to test his support among his countrymen after the contested election. He won with 81% of the vote, but this figure was also disputed by opponents.
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