Editing Amerindian Genocide (section)

=== Genocide in South America ===

==== Genocide in Brazil ====
Inspired by the Spanish colonization of the Americas, [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] colonized Brazil for the Portuguese Empire in 1500. Over the following century the native tribes suffered massive depopulation due to ethnic violence and smallpox introduced by the Portuguese, who enslaved them in a system similar to ''encomienda'' and forced them to cut down the forest for tropical hardwoods. When slaves began to die at a higher rate due to poor treatment, the Portuguese disguised themselves as Jesuits (who were welcomed by the natives due to being less likely to mistreat them) in order to gain access to native villages, where they would abduct and enslave as many natives as they could, killing any who resisted. It is estimated that abuses by the Portuguese led the Brazilian population to drop by over 90%.

It is estimated that around 80 tribal groups residing in Brazil were wiped out to extinction within the first half of the 20th century. In other cases, encroachment by loggers and cattle ranchers led to outright massacres against uncontacted tribes to the point of near extinction, such as an Ankutsu tribe being massacred by a party of cattle ranchers in 1990, leaving only seven survivors and the village being bulldozed by FUNAI agents to conceal the evidence. To this day, encroachment into the Amazon rainforest by miners and loggers continues to threaten the cultural way of life for the indigenous peoples of Brazil.

==== [[Spanish Conquest of the Inca Empire]] ====
In 1532, an army of conquistadors led by [[Francisco Pizarro]] began an invasion of the Inca Empire. Pizarro was successful in raiding the Inca Empire's gold and silver and killing the last emperor, [[Atahualpa]]. Afterwards, the Neo-Inca State was established with Manco Inca becoming the new emperor. In 1541, Pizarro was murdered by [[Diego de Almargo II]], who would later murder Manco three years later. In 1572, [[Francisco Toledo]] managed to successfully crush the resistance of the Neo-Inca State before capturing Emperor Túpac Amaru I and executing him.

==== [[Spanish Conquest of the Muisca]] ====
The Spanish conquest of the Muisca Confederation was part of a series of colonization of the Intermediate Area, in which the Chibchan nations residing in Central America and northern Colombia were annexed by the Spanish Empire. The acquisition of the Muisca Confederation was led by several conquistadors such as [[Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada]] and his brother, [[Hernán Pérez de Quesada]]. The conquistadors established settlements in the region such as the New Kingdom of Grenada and subjected the Muisca to slavery via the ''encomienda'' system. The war ended in 1940 when the last ruler, Aquiminzaque was decapitated and the confederation was annexed under Spanish rule.

==== [[Massacre of Salsipuedes]] ====
On April 11, 1831, Uruguayan president [[Fructuoso Rivera]] orchestrated a genocide against the last remnants of the indigenous Charrúa people residing in the banks of the Salsipuedes creek. The Uruguayan Army led by President Rivera's nephew, [[Bernabé Rivera]] began attacking the natives after intoxicating them when they were offered a request to protect Uruguayan territories. Two attacks later occurred against the survivors of the massacre. It is estimated that 40 people were killed and another 300 were taken as prisoners, who were later sold into slavery in Montevideo. When it was believed that the Charrúa group had become extinct, the last four survivors were sold to French scientists and were transported to a [[human zoo]] in Paris.

==== [[Conquest of the Desert]] ====
In the 1870s, Argentina began a campaign of southward expansion into Patagonia to prevent Chilean influence in the region. This led to a series of conflicts against the indigenous Mapuche tribes living in the region, to which the Argentinians were successful in annexing the Patagonian region and subjugating the Mapuches. Many of the campaigns against the Mapuches happened under [[Julio Argentino Roca]] and the Mapuche resistance against Argentinian colonization is considered to be one of the most successful American indigenous resistance movements in history. Some have considered the Conquest to be a civilizing mission, while others labelled it as a genocide.

==== [[Pacification of Araucania]] ====
Similar to Argentina's Conquest of the Desert, the Chilean occupation of Araucania was a campaign of territorial expansion to colonize Patagonia and annex Mapuche territories. The Chilean conquest led to many Mapuches getting killed in war and dying of foreign diseases such as smallpox. The occupation also led to the Mapuches being left in a state of poverty for generations. A few massacres against Mapuche workers by Chilean soldiers and police officers have also taken place during the 20th century as well.

==== [[Selk'nam Genocide]] ====
Due to continuous attacks by Selk'nam warriors on miners and farmers, the settlers decided to put an end to the attacks by attempting to completely eradicate the Selk'nam population. Most of the massacres took place under the orders of several settlers such as [[Julius Popper]], [[Ramón Lista]] and [[José Menéndez]]. Many of the victims were raped and mutilated and others were captured to be sold to concentration camps and human zoos. The extermination policy remained in place until early 20th century. The last full-blooded individual, Angela Loji, died in 1974.

==== [[Paraguayan War|War of the Triple Alliance]] ====
The War of the Triple Alliance (1865-1870) was launched by the Empire of Brazil, in alliance with the Argentine government of [[Bartolomé Mitre]] and the Uruguayan government of [[Venancio Flores]], against Paraguay. The governments of Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay signed a secret treaty in which the "high contracting parties" solemnly bind themselves to overthrow the government of Paraguay, which was lead by [[Francisco Solano López]] at the time.

In the 5 years of war, the Paraguayan population was reduced, including, civilians, women, children, and the elderly. Julio José Chiavenato in his book American Genocide affirms that it was "a war of total extermination that only ended when there were no more Paraguayans to kill" and concludes that 99.5% of the adult male population of Paraguay died during the war. Of a population of approximately 420,000 before the war, only 14,000 men and 180,000 women remained.

==== [[Putumayo Genocide]] ====
The Peruvian government ceded to the [[Peruvian Amazon Company]] the Amazon territories north of Loreto, after the company's founder [[Julio César Arana]] purchased the land. Shortly after, private hosts of Arana – brought from Barbados – which consisted of forcing Amerindians to work for him in exchange for "favors and protection", with the offer being unable to deny as disagreements led to their [[kidnapping]] by mercenaries paid by the company. The Amerindians were subjected to isolation processes in remote areas to collect rubber in inhuman conditions and if they did not meet the required amount, they were punished with death or were disappeared in "distant camps" where ninety percent of the affected Amazonian populations were annihilated.

==== [[Napalpí Massacre]] ====
On July 19th, 1924, during the [[Conquest of Chaco]], Argentinian police officers and ranchers massacred over 400 Toba and Mocoví people. Those who survived were beheaded and hung before their bodies were buried in mass graves, while others were burnt. Some accounts suggest that the perpetrators had also taken their genitals and ears as trophies.

==== [[Paraguayan Genocide]] ====
The genocide of indigenous peoples in Paraguay took place between 1956 and 1989 under the presidency of General [[Alfredo Stroessner]]. The Aché in particular were subjected to killings and ethnic cleansing by loggers, miners and farmers. It is estimated that around 900 Aché people were killed, amounting to to 85% of the population. The notion of whether or not the systematic killings of the Paraguayan natives amounted to genocide is debated by historians.

==== [[Plan Verde]] ====
In the early 20th century, the Peruvian government adopted the theory of eugenics as a means of population control within the country. After the overthrow of president Alan García in 1989, the [[Alberto Fujimori]] administration established the [[National Population Program]] to sterilize women deemed "unfit" for society, including 300,000 indigenous Peruvians. The project continued until Fujimori was forced to flee to Japan in 2000.