Amerindian Genocide: Difference between revisions

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|motive = Enslave the Native population and use them to find gold Gain the land of Native tribes Impose "superior" cultural values on the Native Americans

|crimes = [[Genocide]] [[War crimes]] Mass [[murder]] [[Slavery]] [[Rape]] [[Ethnic cleansing]] Forced assimilation [[Hate Speech]]}}{{Quote|It is also apparent that the shared history of the hemisphere is one framed by the dual tragedies of genocide and slavery, both of which are part of the legacy of the European invasions of the past 500 years. Indigenous people north and south were displaced, died of disease, and were killed by Europeans through slavery, rape, and war.|Excerpt from ''American Philosophy: From Wounded Knee to the Present''.}}

The '''Amerindian Genocide''', AKA the '''Native American Genocide''', the '''American Indian Genocide''' or the '''American Indian Holocaust''', is a blanket term for the various atrocities carried out against indigenous peoples of North and South America from their discovery right up to the 20th Century. It is considered the foremost example of [[Genocide of Indigenous Peoples|genocide of indigenous peoples]] and the largest genocide in history, surpassing even [[The Holocaust]] in scale. It began in 1494, when the Americas were discovered by the Spanish Empire, and continued well into the 20th century in various different forms and nations. It is estimated a total of 100, 000, 000 died.

The '''Amerindian Genocide''', AKA the '''Native American Genocide''', the '''American Indian Genocide''' or the '''American Indian Holocaust''', is a blanket term for the various atrocities carried out against indigenous peoples of North and South America from their discovery right up to the 20th Century. It is considered the foremost example of [[Genocide of Indigenous Peoples|genocide of indigenous peoples]] and the largest genocide in history, surpassing even [[The Holocaust]] in scale. It began in 1494, when the Americas were discovered by the Spanish Empire, and continued well into the 20th century in various different forms and nations. It is estimated a total of 100,000,000 died.

==History==

===Genocide ~~by Spain~~===

===Genocide in the Caribbean===

==== ''[[Encomienda]]'' ====

When [[Christopher Columbus]] first landed in Mesoamerica in 1494, he took several members of the Arawak tribe captive in the hope that they could lead him to gold. Upon writing to King Ferdinand of Spain of his discovery, Columbus was granted permission to enslave the native population and use them to find gold. Columbus's troops immediately set about raping, killing and [[Torture|torturing]] in an attempt to force the natives to tell them where the gold was. Columbus organized several groups of armed men to search for the non-existent gold, leading to the deaths of thousands of sick and unarmed natives. Captives were used for sword practice, with Columbus's soldiers attempting to decapitate them or cut them in half with one blow. The situation was so extreme that about 50,000 Taíno natives chose to commit suicide rather than live under Spanish rule.

Columbus enslaved the population of Hispaniola and set up a system wherein all natives over 14 were responsible for gathering a certain amount of gold each month, awarding them with a copper token to hang around their neck if they succeeded. If a native was caught without a token they would have their hands cut off and be allowed to bleed to death. Natives who attempted to flee slavery were mauled to death by attack dogs. Sexual slavery was also widespread, with Columbus forcibly marrying native women to his men. During this period the native population of Hispaniola plummeted rapidly until it was practically wiped out, partly due to being killed and partly due to smallpox introduced by the Spanish which the natives lacked any immunity to. Columbus was eventually arrested by agents of the Spanish Crown for his atrocities, but the charges against him were dropped.

After approximately three million natives were killed, the Spanish colonial authorities reformed their approach, adopting the ''[[encomienda]]'' system; a system of slavery wherein certain grant holders were awarded a monopoly on the labor of certain groups. Natives were allocated to certain ''encomiendero'' and put to work mining for gold. This ended up being deadlier than traditional slavery because there was no incentive to keep the native slaves alive as they could be replaced for free, resulting in the Spanish abusing and killing the native slaves regularly. The ''encomienda'' system has been described by modern historians as explicitly genocidal, because it resulted in the intentional deaths of millions and the eradication of potentially thousands of native cultures.

After approximately three million natives were killed, the Spanish colonial authorities reformed their approach, adopting the [[Encomienda|''encomienda'']] system; a system of slavery wherein certain grant holders were awarded a monopoly on the labor of certain groups. Natives were allocated to certain ''encomiendero'' and put to work mining for gold. This ended up being deadlier than traditional slavery because there was no incentive to keep the native slaves alive as they could be replaced for free, resulting in the Spanish abusing and killing the native slaves regularly. The ''encomienda'' system has been described by modern historians as explicitly genocidal, because it resulted in the intentional deaths of millions and the eradication of potentially thousands of native cultures.

=~~==Genocide by Portugal===~~

====[[Kalinago Genocide]]====

Inspired by the Spanish colonization of Mesoamerica, [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] colonized Brazil for the Portuguese Empire in 1500. Over the following century the native tribes suffered massive depopulation due to ethnic violence and smallpox introduced by the Portuguese, who enslaved them in a system similar to ''encomienda'' and forced them to cut down the forest for tropical hardwoods. When slaves began to die at a higher rate due to poor treatment, the Portuguese disguised themselves as Jesuits (who were welcomed by the natives due to being less likely to mistreat them) in order to gain access to native villages, where they would abduct and enslave as many natives as they could, killing any who resisted. It is estimated that abuses by the Portuguese led the Brazilian population to drop by over 90%.

===[[Kalinago Genocide]]===

The Caribbean island of Saint Kitts was colonized by British, French and Irish settlers in 1623, upsetting the native Kalinago tribe. The Kalinago chief [[Tegremond]] began plotting to kill the settlers in 1626 out of fear they would massacre his people. However, the settlers were informed and decided to take pre-emptive action against the natives.

Tegremond and other Kalinago were invited to a feast, where the settlers got them drunk before allowing them to return to their village. The settlers then attacked the village and killed 120 Kalinago, including Tegremond, while they were in a drunken stupor. The following day, 4,000 Kalinago were rounded up and forced up to what is now known as Bloody Point. The Kalinago fought back, leading to the killings of 2,000 of the captives. The other 2,000 managed to escape into the mountains, where they were hunted down and either enslaved or forcibly removed to Dominica.

===Genocide by ~~Mexico~~===

===Genocide in Mexico and Central America===

==== [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire]] ====

An army of Spanish conquistadors led by [[Hernán Cortés]] led an invasion of the Aztec Empire, resulting in a two-year war between the Spaniards and the Aztecs. Cortés also recruited several indigenous allies that happened to be enemies of the Aztec Empire, such as the Tlaxcaltecs to assist in his invasion. Although Cortés managed to convince Emperor Montezuma II to surrender peacefully, he quickly left Tenochtitlan to deal with Pánfilo Narvez challenging his command, leaving several conquistadors and Tlaxcaltec rulers in charge. When Cortés returned, he discovered that the Aztecs are on the brink of rebellion after the subordinates he left in charge had massacred several Aztec chiefs. When Cortés tried to flee the city with the Aztecs' gold, many conquistadors drowned in Lake Texcoco, in what's known as the "Night of Sadness". Eventually, Cortés returned to Tenochtitlan and invaded the city, to which they managed to successfully conquer Tenochtitlan, execute Emperor Cuauhtémoc, and rule the empire.

==== [[Spanish conquest of the Maya]] ====

Starting in 1524, Spanish conquistadors such as [[Pedro de Alvarado]] and [[Francisco de Montejo]] began a series of invasions against the Mayan civilization. Unlike the conquest of the Aztec Empire under Hernán Cortés, which took over two years to successfully conquer, the conquest of the Mayan civilization took over seven decades, due to the conquistadors' unfamiliarity with the environment and the fact that the Mayan civilization consisted of separate kingdoms instead of one unified empire. As the conquistadors and their indigenous allies invaded and plundered the cities over time, many Mayan civilians were subjected to slavery under the ''encomienda'' system and were forced to convert to Christianity.

====Campaign against Apaches====

The Mexican government hired bands of scalp-hunters to hunt down and kill Apaches in the 1830s and 40s, offering a cash reward for every Apache scalp brought back. The most infamous of these groups was lead by [[John Joel Glanton]]. Many of these groups killed Mexican civilians in addition to Apaches since it was impossible to distinguish between the scalps of Apaches and non-Apaches. The Mexican authorities eventually ended this practice in 1849 and declared all scalp-hunters outlaws when they realized how many non-Apaches were being targeted.

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The 1890 Yaqui Uprising against President [[Porfirio Díaz]] was crushed by the Mexican and United States armies. A peace treaty was signed in 1897, but this was later broken and another war was started, continuing into the 20th Century. By 1903, President Díaz had decided to resolve the Yaqui Wars once and for all by deporting all the Yaqui. Organized manhunts were carried out by the government to capture all Yaqui. 15, 000 Yaqui were enslaved, and 60, 000 died during deportation. The genocide came to an end when President Díaz was overthrown in 1911, although minor skirmishes continued until 1929.

==== [[Guatemalan Genocide]] ====

During the [[Guatemalan Civil War]], Guatemalan officials began persecuting Mayan civilians for allegedly supporting leftist rebels during the war as well as being viewed as sub-human. Mayan women were subjected to [[genocidal rape]] and abductions, while others were executed and dumped in unmarked graves. It is estimated that 150,000 Mayan civilians were killed during the genocide, while another 200,000 people fled the country and took refuge in southern Mexico.

=== Genocide in South America ===

==== Portuguese colonization of Brazil ====

Inspired by the Spanish colonization of the Americas, [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] colonized Brazil for the Portuguese Empire in 1500. Over the following century the native tribes suffered massive depopulation due to ethnic violence and smallpox introduced by the Portuguese, who enslaved them in a system similar to ''encomienda'' and forced them to cut down the forest for tropical hardwoods. When slaves began to die at a higher rate due to poor treatment, the Portuguese disguised themselves as Jesuits (who were welcomed by the natives due to being less likely to mistreat them) in order to gain access to native villages, where they would abduct and enslave as many natives as they could, killing any who resisted. It is estimated that abuses by the Portuguese led the Brazilian population to drop by over 90%.

==== [[Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire]] ====

In 1532, an army of conquistadors led by [[Francisco Pizarro]] began an invasion of the Inca Empire. Pizarro was successful in raiding the Inca Empire's gold and silver and killing the last emperor, Atahualpa. Afterwards, the Neo-Inca State was established with Manco Inca becoming the new emperor. In 1541, Pizarro was murdered by [[Diego de Almargo II]], who would later murder Manco Inca three years later. In 1572, [[Francisco Toledo]] managed to successfully crush the resistance of the Neo-Inca State before capturing Emperor Túpac Amaru I and executing him.

==== [[Spanish conquest of the Muisca]] ====

The Spanish conquest of the Muisca Confederation was part of a series of colonization of the Isthmo-Colombian area, in which the Chibchan nations residing in Central America and northern Colombia were annexed by the Spanish Empire. The acquisition of the Muisca confederation was led by several conquistadors such as [[Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada]] and his brother, [[Hernán Pérez de Quesada]]. The conquistadors established settlements in the region such as the New Kingdom of Grenada and subjected the Muisca to slavery via the ''encomienda'' system. The war ended in 1940 when the last ruler, Aquiminzaque was decapitated and the confederation was annexed under Spanish rule.

==== [[Massacre of Salsipuedes]] ====

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The Peruvian government ceded to the [[Peruvian Amazon Company]] the Amazon territories north of Loreto, after the company's founder [[Julio César Arana]] purchased the land. Shortly after, private hosts of Arana – brought from Barbados – which consisted of forcing Amerindians to work for him in exchange for "favors and protection", with the offer being unable to deny as disagreements led to their [[kidnapping]] by mercenaries paid by the company. The Amerindians were subjected to isolation processes in remote areas to collect rubber in inhuman conditions and if they did not meet the required amount, they were punished with death or were disappeared in "distant camps" where ninety percent of the affected Amazonian populations were annihilated.

===Genocide in ~~USA~~ and Canada===

===Genocide in the United States and Canada===

====Beothuk extinction====

The Canadian Beothuk people of Newfoundland became extinct in 1829. Initially co-existing with English settlers, the Beothuk had been forced off their fisheries and hunting grounds in the 17th Century, leading to starvation. The Beothuk’s attempts to reclaim these lands resulted in an all-out war during which the Beothuk were hunted down and killed. The colonial government attempted to mitigate this by putting out a reward for capturing Beothuk alive, but this just lead to more killing as settlers slaughtered any Beothuk who resisted capture. The last few Beothuk died of tuberculosis introduced by the settlers in captivity.

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====Forced sterilization====

During the 1960s and 1970s, the Indian Health Service performed thousands of sterilizations on Native American women between the ages of 15 and 44, with 3,406 women being sterilized between 1973 and 1976. Most of these sterilizations were performed without informed consent, with the women being either tricked into thinking the process was reversible, blackmailed into consenting with threats of losing welfare or simply forced to undergo the procedure with no prior knowledge. This was part of a wider policy of [[eugenics]] which also included African-Americans and the poor. It was halted in 1976 when the General Accountability Office found the sterilizations to be noncompliant with IHS ethics and policy and declared a moratorium on all sterilization procedures.

~~=== [[Guatemalan Genocide]] ===~~

During the [[Guatemalan Civil War]], Guatemalan officials began persecuting Mayan civilians for allegedly supporting leftist rebels during the war as well as being viewed as sub-human. Mayan women were subjected to [[genocidal rape]] and abductions, while others were executed and dumped in unmarked graves. It is estimated that 150,000 Mayan civilians were killed during the genocide, while another 200,000 people fled the country and took refuge in southern Mexico.

[[Category:Villainous Event]]

[[Category:United States of America]]

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 |motive = Enslave the Native population and use them to find gold<br>Gain the land of Native tribes<br>Impose "superior" cultural values on the Native Americans
 |crimes = [[Genocide]]<br>[[War crimes]]<br>Mass [[murder]]<br>[[Slavery]]<br>[[Rape]]<br>[[Ethnic cleansing]]<br>Forced assimilation<br>[[Hate Speech]]}}{{Quote|It is also apparent that the shared history of the hemisphere is one framed by the dual tragedies of genocide and slavery, both of which are part of the legacy of the European invasions of the past 500 years. Indigenous people north and south were displaced, died of disease, and were killed by Europeans through slavery, rape, and war.|Excerpt from ''American Philosophy: From Wounded Knee to the Present''.}}
-The '''Amerindian Genocide''', AKA the '''Native American Genocide''', the '''American Indian Genocide''' or the '''American Indian Holocaust''', is a blanket term for the various atrocities carried out against indigenous peoples of North and South America from their discovery right up to the 20th Century. It is considered the foremost example of [[Genocide of Indigenous Peoples|genocide of indigenous peoples]] and the largest genocide in history, surpassing even [[The Holocaust]] in scale. It began in 1494, when the Americas were discovered by the Spanish Empire, and continued well into the 20th century in various different forms and nations. It is estimated a total of 100, 000, 000 died.
+The '''Amerindian Genocide''', AKA the '''Native American Genocide''', the '''American Indian Genocide''' or the '''American Indian Holocaust''', is a blanket term for the various atrocities carried out against indigenous peoples of North and South America from their discovery right up to the 20th Century. It is considered the foremost example of [[Genocide of Indigenous Peoples|genocide of indigenous peoples]] and the largest genocide in history, surpassing even [[The Holocaust]] in scale. It began in 1494, when the Americas were discovered by the Spanish Empire, and continued well into the 20th century in various different forms and nations. It is estimated a total of 100,000,000 died.
 ==History==
-===Genocide by Spain===
+===Genocide in the Caribbean===
+==== ''[[Encomienda]]'' ====
 When [[Christopher Columbus]] first landed in Mesoamerica in 1494, he took several members of the Arawak tribe captive in the hope that they could lead him to gold. Upon writing to King Ferdinand of Spain of his discovery, Columbus was granted permission to enslave the native population and use them to find gold. Columbus's troops immediately set about raping, killing and [[Torture|torturing]] in an attempt to force the natives to tell them where the gold was. Columbus organized several groups of armed men to search for the non-existent gold, leading to the deaths of thousands of sick and unarmed natives. Captives were used for sword practice, with Columbus's soldiers attempting to decapitate them or cut them in half with one blow. The situation was so extreme that about 50,000 Taíno natives chose to commit suicide rather than live under Spanish rule.
 Columbus enslaved the population of Hispaniola and set up a system wherein all natives over 14 were responsible for gathering a certain amount of gold each month, awarding them with a copper token to hang around their neck if they succeeded. If a native was caught without a token they would have their hands cut off and be allowed to bleed to death. Natives who attempted to flee slavery were mauled to death by attack dogs. Sexual slavery was also widespread, with Columbus forcibly marrying native women to his men. During this period the native population of Hispaniola plummeted rapidly until it was practically wiped out, partly due to being killed and partly due to smallpox introduced by the Spanish which the natives lacked any immunity to. Columbus was eventually arrested by agents of the Spanish Crown for his atrocities, but the charges against him were dropped.
-After approximately three million natives were killed, the Spanish colonial authorities reformed their approach, adopting the ''[[encomienda]]'' system; a system of slavery wherein certain grant holders were awarded a monopoly on the labor of certain groups. Natives were allocated to certain ''encomiendero'' and put to work mining for gold. This ended up being deadlier than traditional slavery because there was no incentive to keep the native slaves alive as they could be replaced for free, resulting in the Spanish abusing and killing the native slaves regularly. The ''encomienda'' system has been described by modern historians as explicitly genocidal, because it resulted in the intentional deaths of millions and the eradication of potentially thousands of native cultures.
+After approximately three million natives were killed, the Spanish colonial authorities reformed their approach, adopting the [[Encomienda|''encomienda'']] system; a system of slavery wherein certain grant holders were awarded a monopoly on the labor of certain groups. Natives were allocated to certain ''encomiendero'' and put to work mining for gold. This ended up being deadlier than traditional slavery because there was no incentive to keep the native slaves alive as they could be replaced for free, resulting in the Spanish abusing and killing the native slaves regularly. The ''encomienda'' system has been described by modern historians as explicitly genocidal, because it resulted in the intentional deaths of millions and the eradication of potentially thousands of native cultures.
-===Genocide by Portugal===
+====[[Kalinago Genocide]]====
-Inspired by the Spanish colonization of Mesoamerica, [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] colonized Brazil for the Portuguese Empire in 1500. Over the following century the native tribes suffered massive depopulation due to ethnic violence and smallpox introduced by the Portuguese, who enslaved them in a system similar to ''encomienda'' and forced them to cut down the forest for tropical hardwoods. When slaves began to die at a higher rate due to poor treatment, the Portuguese disguised themselves as Jesuits (who were welcomed by the natives due to being less likely to mistreat them) in order to gain access to native villages, where they would abduct and enslave as many natives as they could, killing any who resisted. It is estimated that abuses by the Portuguese led the Brazilian population to drop by over 90%.
-===[[Kalinago Genocide]]===
 The Caribbean island of Saint Kitts was colonized by British, French and Irish settlers in 1623, upsetting the native Kalinago tribe. The Kalinago chief [[Tegremond]] began plotting to kill the settlers in 1626 out of fear they would massacre his people. However, the settlers were informed and decided to take pre-emptive action against the natives.
 Tegremond and other Kalinago were invited to a feast, where the settlers got them drunk before allowing them to return to their village. The settlers then attacked the village and killed 120 Kalinago, including Tegremond, while they were in a drunken stupor. The following day, 4,000 Kalinago were rounded up and forced up to what is now known as Bloody Point. The Kalinago fought back, leading to the killings of 2,000 of the captives. The other 2,000 managed to escape into the mountains, where they were hunted down and either enslaved or forcibly removed to Dominica.
-===Genocide by Mexico===
+===Genocide in Mexico and Central America===
+==== [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire]] ====
+An army of Spanish conquistadors led by [[Hernán Cortés]] led an invasion of the Aztec Empire, resulting in a two-year war between the Spaniards and the Aztecs. Cortés also recruited several indigenous allies that happened to be enemies of the Aztec Empire, such as the Tlaxcaltecs to assist in his invasion. Although Cortés managed to convince Emperor Montezuma II to surrender peacefully, he quickly left Tenochtitlan to deal with Pánfilo Narvez challenging his command, leaving several conquistadors and Tlaxcaltec rulers in charge. When Cortés returned, he discovered that the Aztecs are on the brink of rebellion after the subordinates he left in charge had massacred several Aztec chiefs. When Cortés tried to flee the city with the Aztecs' gold, many conquistadors drowned in Lake Texcoco, in what's known as the "Night of Sadness". Eventually, Cortés returned to Tenochtitlan and invaded the city, to which they managed to successfully conquer Tenochtitlan, execute Emperor Cuauhtémoc, and rule the empire.
+==== [[Spanish conquest of the Maya]] ====
+Starting in 1524, Spanish conquistadors such as [[Pedro de Alvarado]] and [[Francisco de Montejo]] began a series of invasions against the Mayan civilization. Unlike the conquest of the Aztec Empire under Hernán Cortés, which took over two years to successfully conquer, the conquest of the Mayan civilization took over seven decades, due to the conquistadors' unfamiliarity with the environment and the fact that the Mayan civilization consisted of separate kingdoms instead of one unified empire. As the conquistadors and their indigenous allies invaded and plundered the cities over time, many Mayan civilians were subjected to slavery under the ''encomienda'' system and were forced to convert to Christianity.
 ====Campaign against Apaches====
 The Mexican government hired bands of scalp-hunters to hunt down and kill Apaches in the 1830s and 40s, offering a cash reward for every Apache scalp brought back. The most infamous of these groups was lead by [[John Joel Glanton]]. Many of these groups killed Mexican civilians in addition to Apaches since it was impossible to distinguish between the scalps of Apaches and non-Apaches. The Mexican authorities eventually ended this practice in 1849 and declared all scalp-hunters outlaws when they realized how many non-Apaches were being targeted.
@@ Line 33: / Line 39: @@
 The 1890 Yaqui Uprising against President [[Porfirio Díaz]] was crushed by the Mexican and United States armies. A peace treaty was signed in 1897, but this was later broken and another war was started, continuing into the 20th Century. By 1903, President Díaz had decided to resolve the Yaqui Wars once and for all by deporting all the Yaqui. Organized manhunts were carried out by the government to capture all Yaqui. 15, 000 Yaqui were enslaved, and 60, 000 died during deportation. The genocide came to an end when President Díaz was overthrown in 1911, although minor skirmishes continued until 1929.
+==== [[Guatemalan Genocide]] ====
+During the [[Guatemalan Civil War]], Guatemalan officials began persecuting Mayan civilians for allegedly supporting leftist rebels during the war as well as being viewed as sub-human. Mayan women were subjected to [[genocidal rape]] and abductions, while others were executed and dumped in unmarked graves. It is estimated that 150,000 Mayan civilians were killed during the genocide, while another 200,000 people fled the country and took refuge in southern Mexico.
 === Genocide in South America ===
+==== Portuguese colonization of Brazil ====
+Inspired by the Spanish colonization of the Americas, [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] colonized Brazil for the Portuguese Empire in 1500. Over the following century the native tribes suffered massive depopulation due to ethnic violence and smallpox introduced by the Portuguese, who enslaved them in a system similar to ''encomienda'' and forced them to cut down the forest for tropical hardwoods. When slaves began to die at a higher rate due to poor treatment, the Portuguese disguised themselves as Jesuits (who were welcomed by the natives due to being less likely to mistreat them) in order to gain access to native villages, where they would abduct and enslave as many natives as they could, killing any who resisted. It is estimated that abuses by the Portuguese led the Brazilian population to drop by over 90%.
+==== [[Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire]] ====
+In 1532, an army of conquistadors led by [[Francisco Pizarro]] began an invasion of the Inca Empire. Pizarro was successful in raiding the Inca Empire's gold and silver and killing the last emperor, Atahualpa. Afterwards, the Neo-Inca State was established with Manco Inca becoming the new emperor. In 1541, Pizarro was murdered by [[Diego de Almargo II]], who would later murder Manco Inca three years later. In 1572, [[Francisco Toledo]] managed to successfully crush the resistance of the Neo-Inca State before capturing Emperor Túpac Amaru I and executing him.
+==== [[Spanish conquest of the Muisca]] ====
+The Spanish conquest of the Muisca Confederation was part of a series of colonization of the Isthmo-Colombian area, in which the Chibchan nations residing in Central America and northern Colombia were annexed by the Spanish Empire. The acquisition of the Muisca confederation was led by several conquistadors such as [[Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada]] and his brother, [[Hernán Pérez de Quesada]]. The conquistadors established settlements in the region such as the New Kingdom of Grenada and subjected the Muisca to slavery via the ''encomienda'' system. The war ended in 1940 when the last ruler, Aquiminzaque was decapitated and the confederation was annexed under Spanish rule.
 ==== [[Massacre of Salsipuedes]] ====
@@ Line 56: / Line 74: @@
 The Peruvian government ceded to the [[Peruvian Amazon Company]] the Amazon territories north of Loreto, after the company's founder [[Julio César Arana]] purchased the land. Shortly after, private hosts of Arana – brought from Barbados – which consisted of forcing Amerindians to work for him in exchange for "favors and protection", with the offer being unable to deny as disagreements led to their [[kidnapping]] by mercenaries paid by the company. The Amerindians were subjected to isolation processes in remote areas to collect rubber in inhuman conditions and if they did not meet the required amount, they were punished with death or were disappeared in "distant camps" where ninety percent of the affected Amazonian populations were annihilated.
-===Genocide in USA and Canada===
+===Genocide in the United States and Canada===
 ====Beothuk extinction====
 The Canadian Beothuk people of Newfoundland became extinct in 1829. Initially co-existing with English settlers, the Beothuk had been forced off their fisheries and hunting grounds in the 17th Century, leading to starvation. The Beothuk’s attempts to reclaim these lands resulted in an all-out war during which the Beothuk were hunted down and killed. The colonial government attempted to mitigate this by putting out a reward for capturing Beothuk alive, but this just lead to more killing as settlers slaughtered any Beothuk who resisted capture. The last few Beothuk died of tuberculosis introduced by the settlers in captivity.
@@ Line 113: / Line 131: @@
 ====Forced sterilization====
 During the 1960s and 1970s, the Indian Health Service performed thousands of sterilizations on Native American women between the ages of 15 and 44, with 3,406 women being sterilized between 1973 and 1976. Most of these sterilizations were performed without informed consent, with the women being either tricked into thinking the process was reversible, blackmailed into consenting with threats of losing welfare or simply forced to undergo the procedure with no prior knowledge. This was part of a wider policy of [[eugenics]] which also included African-Americans and the poor. It was halted in 1976 when the General Accountability Office found the sterilizations to be noncompliant with IHS ethics and policy and declared a moratorium on all sterilization procedures.
-=== [[Guatemalan Genocide]] ===
-During the [[Guatemalan Civil War]], Guatemalan officials began persecuting Mayan civilians for allegedly supporting leftist rebels during the war as well as being viewed as sub-human. Mayan women were subjected to [[genocidal rape]] and abductions, while others were executed and dumped in unmarked graves. It is estimated that 150,000 Mayan civilians were killed during the genocide, while another 200,000 people fled the country and took refuge in southern Mexico.
 [[Category:Villainous Event]]
 [[Category:United States of America]]