Amerindian Genocide: Difference between revisions

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The Caribbean island of Saint Kitts was colonized by British, French and Irish settlers in 1623, upsetting the native Kalinago tribe. The Kalinago chief [[Tegremond]] began plotting to kill the settlers in 1626 out of fear they would massacre his people. However, the settlers were informed and decided to take pre-emptive action against the natives.

Tegremond and other Kalinago were invited to a feast, where the settlers got them drunk before allowing them to return to their village. The settlers then attacked the village and killed 120 Kalinago, including Tegremond, while they were in a drunken stupor. The following day, 4,000 Kalinago were rounded up and forced up to what is now known as Bloody Point. The Kalinago fought back, leading to the killings of ~~2,000~~ of the captives. The other 2,000 managed to escape into the mountains, where they were hunted down and either enslaved or forcibly removed to Dominica.

Tegremond and other Kalinago were invited to a feast, where the settlers got them drunk before allowing them to return to their village. The settlers then attacked the village and killed 120 Kalinago, including Tegremond, while they were in a drunken stupor. The following day, 4,000 Kalinago were rounded up and forced up to what is now known as Bloody Point. The Kalinago fought back, leading to the killings of half of the captives. The other 2,000 managed to escape into the mountains, where they were hunted down and either enslaved or forcibly removed to Dominica.

===Genocide in Mexico and Central America===

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==== [[Spanish conquest of the Maya]] ====

Starting in 1524, Spanish conquistadors such as [[Pedro de Alvarado]] and [[Francisco de Montejo]] began a series of invasions against the Mayan civilization. Unlike the conquest of the Aztec Empire under Hernán Cortés, which took over two years to successfully conquer, the conquest of the Mayan civilization took over seven decades, due to the conquistadors' unfamiliarity with the environment and the fact that the Mayan civilization consisted of separate kingdoms instead of one unified empire. As the conquistadors and their indigenous allies invaded and plundered the cities over time, many Mayan civilians were subjected to slavery under the ''encomienda'' system and were forced to convert to Christianity.

==== [[Spanish conquest of Honduras]] ====

After Christopher Columbus claimed Honduras for Spain during his final voyage in 1502, the conquistadors began colonizing the area in 1524. The indigenous peoples living in the area led a war of resistance against the Spaniards that lasted fifteen years until the war ended with the defeat of the Lenca leader, Lempira. The natives were then subjected to slavery via the ''encomienda'' system and many were sold to slave owners in Panama and the Caribbean.

====Campaign against Apaches====

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=== Genocide in South America ===

==== ~~Portuguese colonization of~~ Brazil ====

==== Genocide in Brazil ====

Inspired by the Spanish colonization of the Americas, [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] colonized Brazil for the Portuguese Empire in 1500. Over the following century the native tribes suffered massive depopulation due to ethnic violence and smallpox introduced by the Portuguese, who enslaved them in a system similar to ''encomienda'' and forced them to cut down the forest for tropical hardwoods. When slaves began to die at a higher rate due to poor treatment, the Portuguese disguised themselves as Jesuits (who were welcomed by the natives due to being less likely to mistreat them) in order to gain access to native villages, where they would abduct and enslave as many natives as they could, killing any who resisted. It is estimated that abuses by the Portuguese led the Brazilian population to drop by over 90%.

It is estimated that around 80 tribal groups residing in Brazil were wiped out to extinction within the first half of the 20th century. To this day, encroachment into the Amazon rainforest by miners and loggers continues to threaten the cultural way of life for the indigenous peoples of Brazil.

==== [[Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire]] ====

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==== [[Spanish conquest of the Muisca]] ====

The Spanish conquest of the Muisca Confederation was part of a series of colonization of the ~~Isthmo-Colombian area~~, in which the Chibchan nations residing in Central America and northern Colombia were annexed by the Spanish Empire. The acquisition of the Muisca ~~confederation~~ was led by several conquistadors such as [[Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada]] and his brother, [[Hernán Pérez de Quesada]]. The conquistadors established settlements in the region such as the New Kingdom of Grenada and subjected the Muisca to slavery via the ''encomienda'' system. The war ended in 1940 when the last ruler, Aquiminzaque was decapitated and the confederation was annexed under Spanish rule.

The Spanish conquest of the Muisca Confederation was part of a series of colonization of the Intermediate Area, in which the Chibchan nations residing in Central America and northern Colombia were annexed by the Spanish Empire. The acquisition of the Muisca Confederation was led by several conquistadors such as [[Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada]] and his brother, [[Hernán Pérez de Quesada]]. The conquistadors established settlements in the region such as the New Kingdom of Grenada and subjected the Muisca to slavery via the ''encomienda'' system. The war ended in 1940 when the last ruler, Aquiminzaque was decapitated and the confederation was annexed under Spanish rule.

==== [[Massacre of Salsipuedes]] ====

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==== [[Putumayo Genocide]] ====

The Peruvian government ceded to the [[Peruvian Amazon Company]] the Amazon territories north of Loreto, after the company's founder [[Julio César Arana]] purchased the land. Shortly after, private hosts of Arana – brought from Barbados – which consisted of forcing Amerindians to work for him in exchange for "favors and protection", with the offer being unable to deny as disagreements led to their [[kidnapping]] by mercenaries paid by the company. The Amerindians were subjected to isolation processes in remote areas to collect rubber in inhuman conditions and if they did not meet the required amount, they were punished with death or were disappeared in "distant camps" where ninety percent of the affected Amazonian populations were annihilated.

==== Genocide in Paraguay ====

The genocide of indigenous peoples in Paraguay took place between 1956 and 1989 under the presidency of General [[Alfredo Strossner]]. The Aché in particular were subjected to killings and ethnic cleansing by loggers, miners and farmers. It is estimated that around 900 Aché people were killed, amounting to to 85% of the population. The notion of whether or not the systematic killings of the Paraguayan natives amounted to genocide is debated by historians.

===Genocide in the United States and Canada===

====Beothuk extinction====

The Canadian Beothuk people of Newfoundland became extinct in 1829. Initially co-existing with English settlers, the Beothuk had been forced off their fisheries and hunting grounds in the 17th Century, leading to starvation. The Beothuk’s attempts to reclaim these lands resulted in an all-out war during which the Beothuk were hunted down and killed. The colonial government attempted to mitigate this by putting out a reward for capturing Beothuk alive, but this just lead to more ~~killing~~ as settlers slaughtered any Beothuk who resisted capture. The last few Beothuk died of tuberculosis introduced by the settlers in captivity.

The Canadian Beothuk people of Newfoundland became extinct in 1829. Initially co-existing with English settlers, the Beothuk had been forced off their fisheries and hunting grounds in the 17th Century, leading to starvation. The Beothuk’s attempts to reclaim these lands resulted in an all-out war during which the Beothuk were hunted down and killed. The colonial government attempted to mitigate this by putting out a reward for capturing Beothuk alive, but this just lead to more killings as settlers slaughtered any Beothuk who resisted capture. The last few Beothuk died of tuberculosis introduced by the settlers in captivity.

====[[American Indian Wars]]====

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On February 18 1861, a group of Cheyenne and Arapaho chiefs signed the Treaty of Fort Wise to cease much of their lands under the Fort Laramie treaty to the U.S. Government in exchange for a new reservation in eastern Colorado.

Three years later, Colorado governor John Evans declared that ~~any native~~ should move to a fort to be granted protection by the U.S. Government in order to be recognized as peaceful. A Cheyenne tribe led by the chiefs who signed the Fort Wise treaty set out to move to the fort to be granted protection and decided to camp at Sand Creek. On May 16th, the 3rd Colorado Cavalry under Colonel [[John Chivington]] began attacking the camp, despite the chiefs signifying that they were peaceful. Under Chivington's orders, the soldiers opened fire and attacked the camp, where they killed and mutilated over one hundred women and children. Chiefs White Antelope and Lean Bear were killed during the massacre, while Black Kettle managed to escape the camp.

Three years later, Colorado governor John Evans declared that the natives should move to a fort to be granted protection by the U.S. Government in order to be recognized as peaceful. A Cheyenne tribe led by the chiefs who signed the Fort Wise treaty set out to move to the fort to be granted protection and decided to camp at Sand Creek. On May 16th, the 3rd Colorado Cavalry under Colonel [[John Chivington]] began attacking the camp, despite the chiefs signifying that they were peaceful. Under Chivington's orders, the soldiers opened fire and attacked the camp, where they killed and mutilated over one hundred women and children. Chiefs White Antelope and Lean Bear were killed during the massacre, while Black Kettle managed to escape the camp.

==== [[Long Walk of the Navajo]] ====

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Based on the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie, the U.S. government was able to convince the Lakota tribe to move to the Great Sioux Reservation in return for less inhumane treatment. At around this time, the Sioux took up the "Ghost Dance" religion, which taught that loving each other, working hard and not stealing or fighting would lead to the reunion of the living and the dead and the sweeping away of evil. White authorities, alarmed by this new religion, began arresting Lakota leaders, leading to many Lakota attempting to flee the reservation.

On December 29, 1890, the Seventh Cavalry Unit, lead by [[James W. Forsyth]] and acting on orders from President [[Benjamin Harrison]], intercepted a group led by Chief Spotted Elk as they were fleeing the reservation. Forsyth announced that they were to surrender all their weapons, but one deaf-mute man, Black Coyote, did not understand his orders and failed to put down his rifle. The soldiers attempted to take the rifle from him, causing it to discharge. The panicked soldiers immediately opened fire and ~~a few~~ warriors quickly retrieved their rifles in defense. Women and children fled and took cover in a nearby ravine, but were killed when Forsyth ordered light artillery positioned on the hill to fire on their position. It is estimated that around 300 Lakota were killed in the massacre.

On December 29, 1890, the Seventh Cavalry Unit, lead by [[James W. Forsyth]] and acting on orders from President [[Benjamin Harrison]], intercepted a group led by Chief Spotted Elk as they were fleeing the reservation. Forsyth announced that they were to surrender all their weapons, but one deaf-mute man, Black Coyote, did not understand his orders and failed to put down his rifle. The soldiers attempted to take the rifle from him, causing it to discharge. The panicked soldiers immediately opened fire and some of the warriors quickly retrieved their rifles in defense. Women and children fled and took cover in a nearby ravine, but were killed when Forsyth ordered light artillery positioned on the hill to fire on their position. It is estimated that around 300 Lakota were killed in the massacre. President Harrison rewarded 20 of the soldiers Medals of Honor for the massacre.

====Assimilation policies====

@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 The Caribbean island of Saint Kitts was colonized by British, French and Irish settlers in 1623, upsetting the native Kalinago tribe. The Kalinago chief [[Tegremond]] began plotting to kill the settlers in 1626 out of fear they would massacre his people. However, the settlers were informed and decided to take pre-emptive action against the natives.
-Tegremond and other Kalinago were invited to a feast, where the settlers got them drunk before allowing them to return to their village. The settlers then attacked the village and killed 120 Kalinago, including Tegremond, while they were in a drunken stupor. The following day, 4,000 Kalinago were rounded up and forced up to what is now known as Bloody Point. The Kalinago fought back, leading to the killings of 2,000 of the captives. The other 2,000 managed to escape into the mountains, where they were hunted down and either enslaved or forcibly removed to Dominica.
+Tegremond and other Kalinago were invited to a feast, where the settlers got them drunk before allowing them to return to their village. The settlers then attacked the village and killed 120 Kalinago, including Tegremond, while they were in a drunken stupor. The following day, 4,000 Kalinago were rounded up and forced up to what is now known as Bloody Point. The Kalinago fought back, leading to the killings of half of the captives. The other 2,000 managed to escape into the mountains, where they were hunted down and either enslaved or forcibly removed to Dominica.
 ===Genocide in Mexico and Central America===
@@ Line 31: / Line 31: @@
 ==== [[Spanish conquest of the Maya]] ====
 Starting in 1524, Spanish conquistadors such as [[Pedro de Alvarado]] and [[Francisco de Montejo]] began a series of invasions against the Mayan civilization. Unlike the conquest of the Aztec Empire under Hernán Cortés, which took over two years to successfully conquer, the conquest of the Mayan civilization took over seven decades, due to the conquistadors' unfamiliarity with the environment and the fact that the Mayan civilization consisted of separate kingdoms instead of one unified empire. As the conquistadors and their indigenous allies invaded and plundered the cities over time, many Mayan civilians were subjected to slavery under the ''encomienda'' system and were forced to convert to Christianity.
+==== [[Spanish conquest of Honduras]] ====
+After Christopher Columbus claimed Honduras for Spain during his final voyage in 1502, the conquistadors began colonizing the area in 1524. The indigenous peoples living in the area led a war of resistance against the Spaniards that lasted fifteen years until the war ended with the defeat of the Lenca leader, Lempira. The natives were then subjected to slavery via the ''encomienda'' system and many were sold to slave owners in Panama and the Caribbean.
 ====Campaign against Apaches====
@@ Line 47: / Line 50: @@
 === Genocide in South America ===
-==== Portuguese colonization of Brazil ====
+==== Genocide in Brazil ====
 Inspired by the Spanish colonization of the Americas, [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] colonized Brazil for the Portuguese Empire in 1500. Over the following century the native tribes suffered massive depopulation due to ethnic violence and smallpox introduced by the Portuguese, who enslaved them in a system similar to ''encomienda'' and forced them to cut down the forest for tropical hardwoods. When slaves began to die at a higher rate due to poor treatment, the Portuguese disguised themselves as Jesuits (who were welcomed by the natives due to being less likely to mistreat them) in order to gain access to native villages, where they would abduct and enslave as many natives as they could, killing any who resisted. It is estimated that abuses by the Portuguese led the Brazilian population to drop by over 90%.
+It is estimated that around 80 tribal groups residing in Brazil were wiped out to extinction within the first half of the 20th century. To this day, encroachment into the Amazon rainforest by miners and loggers continues to threaten the cultural way of life for the indigenous peoples of Brazil.
 ==== [[Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire]] ====
@@ Line 54: / Line 59: @@
 ==== [[Spanish conquest of the Muisca]] ====
-The Spanish conquest of the Muisca Confederation was part of a series of colonization of the Isthmo-Colombian area, in which the Chibchan nations residing in Central America and northern Colombia were annexed by the Spanish Empire. The acquisition of the Muisca confederation was led by several conquistadors such as [[Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada]] and his brother, [[Hernán Pérez de Quesada]]. The conquistadors established settlements in the region such as the New Kingdom of Grenada and subjected the Muisca to slavery via the ''encomienda'' system. The war ended in 1940 when the last ruler, Aquiminzaque was decapitated and the confederation was annexed under Spanish rule.
+The Spanish conquest of the Muisca Confederation was part of a series of colonization of the Intermediate Area, in which the Chibchan nations residing in Central America and northern Colombia were annexed by the Spanish Empire. The acquisition of the Muisca Confederation was led by several conquistadors such as [[Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada]] and his brother, [[Hernán Pérez de Quesada]]. The conquistadors established settlements in the region such as the New Kingdom of Grenada and subjected the Muisca to slavery via the ''encomienda'' system. The war ended in 1940 when the last ruler, Aquiminzaque was decapitated and the confederation was annexed under Spanish rule.
 ==== [[Massacre of Salsipuedes]] ====
@@ Line 75: / Line 80: @@
 ==== [[Putumayo Genocide]] ====
 The Peruvian government ceded to the [[Peruvian Amazon Company]] the Amazon territories north of Loreto, after the company's founder [[Julio César Arana]] purchased the land. Shortly after, private hosts of Arana – brought from Barbados – which consisted of forcing Amerindians to work for him in exchange for "favors and protection", with the offer being unable to deny as disagreements led to their [[kidnapping]] by mercenaries paid by the company. The Amerindians were subjected to isolation processes in remote areas to collect rubber in inhuman conditions and if they did not meet the required amount, they were punished with death or were disappeared in "distant camps" where ninety percent of the affected Amazonian populations were annihilated.
+==== Genocide in Paraguay ====
+The genocide of indigenous peoples in Paraguay took place between 1956 and 1989 under the presidency of General [[Alfredo Strossner]]. The Aché in particular were subjected to killings and ethnic cleansing by loggers, miners and farmers. It is estimated that around 900 Aché people were killed, amounting to to 85% of the population. The notion of whether or not the systematic killings of the Paraguayan natives amounted to genocide is debated by historians.
 ===Genocide in the United States and Canada===
 ====Beothuk extinction====
-The Canadian Beothuk people of Newfoundland became extinct in 1829. Initially co-existing with English settlers, the Beothuk had been forced off their fisheries and hunting grounds in the 17th Century, leading to starvation. The Beothuk’s attempts to reclaim these lands resulted in an all-out war during which the Beothuk were hunted down and killed. The colonial government attempted to mitigate this by putting out a reward for capturing Beothuk alive, but this just lead to more killing as settlers slaughtered any Beothuk who resisted capture. The last few Beothuk died of tuberculosis introduced by the settlers in captivity.
+The Canadian Beothuk people of Newfoundland became extinct in 1829. Initially co-existing with English settlers, the Beothuk had been forced off their fisheries and hunting grounds in the 17th Century, leading to starvation. The Beothuk’s attempts to reclaim these lands resulted in an all-out war during which the Beothuk were hunted down and killed. The colonial government attempted to mitigate this by putting out a reward for capturing Beothuk alive, but this just lead to more killings as settlers slaughtered any Beothuk who resisted capture. The last few Beothuk died of tuberculosis introduced by the settlers in captivity.
 ====[[American Indian Wars]]====
@@ Line 110: / Line 118: @@
 On February 18 1861, a group of Cheyenne and Arapaho chiefs signed the Treaty of Fort Wise to cease much of their lands under the Fort Laramie treaty to the U.S. Government in exchange for a new reservation in eastern Colorado.
-Three years later, Colorado governor John Evans declared that any native should move to a fort to be granted protection by the U.S. Government in order to be recognized as peaceful. A Cheyenne tribe led by the chiefs who signed the Fort Wise treaty set out to move to the fort to be granted protection and decided to camp at Sand Creek. On May 16th, the 3rd Colorado Cavalry under Colonel [[John Chivington]] began attacking the camp, despite the chiefs signifying that they were peaceful. Under Chivington's orders, the soldiers opened fire and attacked the camp, where they killed and mutilated over one hundred women and children. Chiefs White Antelope and Lean Bear were killed during the massacre, while Black Kettle managed to escape the camp.
+Three years later, Colorado governor John Evans declared that the natives should move to a fort to be granted protection by the U.S. Government in order to be recognized as peaceful. A Cheyenne tribe led by the chiefs who signed the Fort Wise treaty set out to move to the fort to be granted protection and decided to camp at Sand Creek. On May 16th, the 3rd Colorado Cavalry under Colonel [[John Chivington]] began attacking the camp, despite the chiefs signifying that they were peaceful. Under Chivington's orders, the soldiers opened fire and attacked the camp, where they killed and mutilated over one hundred women and children. Chiefs White Antelope and Lean Bear were killed during the massacre, while Black Kettle managed to escape the camp.
 ==== [[Long Walk of the Navajo]] ====
@@ Line 118: / Line 126: @@
 Based on the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie, the U.S. government was able to convince the Lakota tribe to move to the Great Sioux Reservation in return for less inhumane treatment. At around this time, the Sioux took up the "Ghost Dance" religion, which taught that loving each other, working hard and not stealing or fighting would lead to the reunion of the living and the dead and the sweeping away of evil. White authorities, alarmed by this new religion, began arresting Lakota leaders, leading to many Lakota attempting to flee the reservation.
-On December 29, 1890, the Seventh Cavalry Unit, lead by [[James W. Forsyth]] and acting on orders from President [[Benjamin Harrison]], intercepted a group led by Chief Spotted Elk as they were fleeing the reservation. Forsyth announced that they were to surrender all their weapons, but one deaf-mute man, Black Coyote, did not understand his orders and failed to put down his rifle. The soldiers attempted to take the rifle from him, causing it to discharge. The panicked soldiers immediately opened fire and a few warriors quickly retrieved their rifles in defense. Women and children fled and took cover in a nearby ravine, but were killed when Forsyth ordered light artillery positioned on the hill to fire on their position. It is estimated that around 300 Lakota were killed in the massacre.
+On December 29, 1890, the Seventh Cavalry Unit, lead by [[James W. Forsyth]] and acting on orders from President [[Benjamin Harrison]], intercepted a group led by Chief Spotted Elk as they were fleeing the reservation. Forsyth announced that they were to surrender all their weapons, but one deaf-mute man, Black Coyote, did not understand his orders and failed to put down his rifle. The soldiers attempted to take the rifle from him, causing it to discharge. The panicked soldiers immediately opened fire and some of the warriors quickly retrieved their rifles in defense. Women and children fled and took cover in a nearby ravine, but were killed when Forsyth ordered light artillery positioned on the hill to fire on their position. It is estimated that around 300 Lakota were killed in the massacre. President Harrison rewarded 20 of the soldiers Medals of Honor for the massacre.
 ====Assimilation policies====