Editing Canadian Indian residential school system

{{Important}}{{mature}}{{Act of Villainy|name=Canadian Indian residential school system|image=A group of nuns with Aboriginal students, Port Harrison, Quebec, circa 1890 Groupe de religieuses avec des élèves autochtones, Port Harrison (Québec), vers 1890 (14260482006).jpg|perpetrator=Department of Indian Affairs<br>Christian churches|date=1883 - 1997|location=Canada|motive=To assimilate First Nations, Inuit and Métis children into western culture.|crimes=Cultural [[genocide]]<br>Forced assimilation<br>Mass [[murder]]<br>[[Child abuse]]<br>[[Rape]]<br>[[Torture]]<br>[[Kidnapping]]<br>Unethical experimentation<br>[[Negrophobia]]<br>[[Anti-Native American Sentiment]]}}
{{Quote|Underlying these arguments was the belief that the colonizers were bringing civilization to savage people who could never civilize themselves, a belief of racial and cultural superiority.|Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada}}
The '''Canadian Indian residential school system''' was a network of boarding schools in Canada. The schools were made to forcibly assimilate indigenous children into western culture. The system has been described as an act of cultural [[genocide]], as the system was designed to [[Genocide of Indigenous Peoples|purposefully eradicate indigenous cultures]], though some consider it physical genocide as well (as part of the larger ongoing [[Amerindian Genocide]]), as the residential schools lead to the deaths of at least 30,000 children. It is estimated that a total of 150,000 children were forced to attend the school system. 

== History ==
In 1828, the first boarding school, known as the Mohawk Institute, was established in Brantford, Ontario for six indigenous students. In 1876, prime minister Alexander MacKenzie passed the Indian Act, a policy that was established to force First Nations people onto [[Indian reservations|reserves]]. The Indian Act also left indigenous women disadvantaged as they lost their indigenous status upon marrying white men and indigenous men from other tribes. The Canadian government under prime minister [[John A. Macdonald]] later implemented a system of residential schools as part of an assimilation policy for indigenous peoples, which was influenced by U.S. Army general [[Richard Henry Pratt]]'s ideologies to "kill the Indian and save the man". Pratt served as the superintendent of the [[Carlisle Indian Industrial School]] in the United States.

The schools were intentionally located far off reserves in order to limit contact between the children and their parents. The schools were administered by Christian churches, with most of them being funded by the federal government. 

The children were deprived of their cultures and were forced to speak English or French, while facing corporal punishment for speaking their native languages as well as being molested and sometimes killed by priests, often times having their newborn children being killed after being impregnated by their teachers. The children also faced malnutrition and died of diseases such as tuberculosis often as a result of unethical experiments projected onto them, while others committed suicide and died while trying to run away. Some survivors report teachers impaling needles and hot knives in their tongues, bleaching them in baths to lighten their skin, forcing them to wash dishes in boiling water, and starving them in isolation while feeding them salt water to keep them bloated. For the most part, school authorities got away with their crimes, although there were some rare instances where school administrators were arrested for their abuse towards children, such as the cases with [[William Starr]] and [[Arthur Plint]].

In 1907, Indian Affairs chief medical officer Peter Bryce visited 35 of the schools and found that many students have died and noticed that the schools were poorly constructed with minimal care from the staff. Bryce tried to address the problems of the residential schools to the government in an attempt to reform the system. Although [[Duncan Campbell Scott]] did agree to fight against the diseases, he refused to change the assimilationist policies. In the 1940s, the federal government proposed to abolish the residential schools, but despite their obligations, they instead made extremely petty reforms of the system. In 1969, church administration over the schools was terminated and the schools were handed over to the Department of Indian Affairs.

Starting in the late 1950s, an adoption policy known as the Sixties Scoop was enacted as a means of transporting indigenous children to white families, with Saskatchewan being the only province to implement a program solely for Métis children. This act continued up until the early 1980s.

There were some instances of indigenous people protesting against the residential school system, with at least 25 schools being set on fire by the students. Though most of the protests were ignored, some protests were brought to light when the federal government began to notice the ineffective failures of the system. Over the years, more schools began to close, while others were transferred to the tribes. In 1997, the last residential school was closed in Rankin Inlet, Nunavut.

In 2008, prime minister Stephen Harper apologized for the residential school system and established the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate the nature of the schools under the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement. In 2015, the TRC concluded that the assimilation policy towards indigenous children amounted to cultural genocide.

As of 2021, thousands of unmarked graves are being uncovered near residential schools. So far, nearly 2,000 graves have been found near former residential schools in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and the Northwest Territories, with more investigations taking place in Ontario and Quebec.

On July 25th, 2022, Pope Francis visited Maskwacis, Alberta and apologized to the survivors about the residential school system.

== List of residential schools ==

=== Ontario ===

* '''Albany Mission Indian Residential School''' (1912 - 1963): Fort Albany, Ontario
*'''Alexandra Industrial School for Girls''' (1897 - 1910): Toronto, Ontario
*'''Alnwick Industrial School''' (1838 - 1966): Alderville, Ontario
*'''Armstrong Indian Residential School''' (1880 - 1891): Armstrong, Ontario
*'''Bishop Horden Memorial School''' (1907 - 1963): Moose Factory, Ontario
*'''Cecilia Jeffrey Indian Residential School''' (1900 - 1966): Kenora, Ontario
*'''Kenora Indian Residential School''' (1949 - 1963): Kenora, Ontario
*'''McIntosh Indian Residential School''' (1924 - 1969): Kenora, Ontario
*'''Mohawk Institute Residential School''' (1828 - 1970): Brantford, Ontario
* '''Mount Elgin Indian Residential School''' (1948 - 1948): Strathroy-Caradoc, Ontario
*'''Shingwauk Indian Residential School''' (1873 - 1971): Garden River and Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario
*'''Sioux Lookout Indian Residential School''' (1911 - 1973): Sioux Lookout, Ontario
*'''Spanish Indian Residential Schools''' (1883 - 1965): Spanish, Ontario
* '''St. Anne’s Indian Residential School''' (1936 - 1964): Fort Albany, Ontario
*'''St. John's Indian Residential School''' (1907 - 1950): Chapleau, Ontario
*'''St. Joseph's Orphanage and Boarding School''' (1870 - 1968): Fort William, Ontario
*'''St. Margaret's Indian Residential School''' (1902 - 1974): Fort Frances, Ontario
*'''St. Mary's Indian Residential School''' (1894 - 1962): Kenora, Ontario
* '''Wawanosh School for Girls''' (1877 - 1900): Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario
*'''Wikwemikong Indian Residential School''' (1840 - 1963): Assiginack, Ontario

===Quebec===

*'''Amos Indian Residential School''' (1948 - 1965): St. Marc-de-Figuery, Quebec
*'''Federal Hostel at George River''' (1960): Kangirsualujjuaq, Quebec
*'''Federal Hostel at Great Whale River''' (1960 - 1970): Kuujjuarapik, Quebec
*'''Federal Hostel at Payne Bay''' (1960): Kangirsuk, Quebec
*'''Federal Hostel at Port Harrison''' (1960 - 1971): Inukjuak, Quebec
*'''Fort George Hostels''' (1975 - 1978): Fort George, Quebec
* '''La Tuque Indian Residential School''' (1963 - 1978): La Tuque, Quebec
* '''Pointe Bleue Indian Residential School''' (1956 - 1965): Mashteuiatsh, Quebec
*'''Sept-Iles Indian Residential School''' (1952 - 1967): Sept-Îles, Quebec
*'''St. Joseph's Mission''' (1936 - 1952): Fort George, Quebec
*'''St. Philip's Indian Residential School''' (1933 - 1979): Fort George, Quebec

===Nova Scotia=== 

*'''Shubenacadie Indian Residential School''' (1922 - 1968): Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia

===New Brunswick===
''None''

===Manitoba===

*'''Assiniboia Indian Residential School''' (1958 - 1973): Winnipeg, Manitoba
*'''Birtle Indian Residential School''' (1888 - 1970: Birtle, Manitoba
*'''Brandon Indian Residential School''' (1895 - 1972): Brandon, Manitoba
*'''Cross Lake Indian Residential School''' (1915 - 1969): Cross Lake, Manitoba
*'''Elkhorn Industrial School''' (1888 - 1919): Elkhorn, Manitoba
*'''Fort Alexander Indian Residential School''' (1905 - 1970): Pine Falls, Manitoba
*'''Guy Hill Indian Residential School''' (1952 - 1979): The Pas and Clearwater Lake, Manitoba
* '''Lake St. Martin Indian Residential School''' (1874 - 1963): Fisher River, Manitoba
*'''MacKay Indian Residential School''' (1915 - 1989): The Pas and Dauphin, Manitoba
*'''Norway House Methodist Indian Residential School''' (1900 - 1967): Norway House, Manitoba
* '''Pine Creek Indian Residential School''' (1890 - 1969): Camperville, Manitoba
*'''Portage la Prairie Methodist Indian Residential School''' (1891 - 1975): Portage la Prairie, Manitoba
*'''Portage la Prairie Presbyterian Indian Residential''' (1895 - 1950): Portage la Prairie, Manitoba
*'''Sandy Bay Indian Residential School''' (1905 - 1970): Sandy Bay Reserve, Manitoba
*'''St. Boniface Industrial School''' (1891 - 1909): Winnipeg, Manitoba
*'''St. Paul's Industrial School''' (1886 - 1906): Selkirk, Manitoba
*'''Washakada Indian Residential School''' (1925 - 1949): Elkhorn, Manitoba
* '''Waterhen Indian Residential School''' (1890 - 1900): Waterhen, Manitoba

===British Columbia===

*'''Alberni Indian Residential School''' (1920 - 1973): Port Alberni, British Columbia
*'''Ahousaht Indian Residential School''' (1901 - 1950): Ahousaht, British Columbia
* '''Anahim Lake Dormitory Residential School''' (1968 - 1977): Anahim Lake, British Columbia
*'''Christie (Clayoquot/Kakawis) Residential School''' (1900 - 1983): Meares Island and Tofino, British Columbia
*'''Coqualeetza Residential School''' (1889 - 1940): Chilliwack, British Columbia
*'''Kamloops Residential School''' (1890 - 1978): Kamloops, British Columbia
*'''Kitimaat Indian Residential School''' (1908 - 1941): Kitimaat, British Columbia
*'''Kootenay Indian Residential School''' (1876 - 1984): Cranbrook, British Columbia
*'''Kuper Island Indian Residential School''' (1890 - 1975): Penelakut Island, British Columbia
*'''Lejac Residential School''' (1917 - 1976): Fraser Lake, British Columbia
* '''Lower Post Indian Residential School''' (1951 - 1975): Lower Post, British Columbia
*'''Metlakatla Indian Residential School''' (1891 - 1962): Metlakatla, British Columbia
*'''Port Simpson Residential School''' (1892 - 1948): Lax-Kw'alaams, British Columbia
*'''Presbyterian Coqualeetza Indian Residential School''' (1861 - 1940): Chilliwack, British Columbia
*'''Roman Catholic Coqualeetza Indian Residential School''' (1890 - 1941): Chilliwack, British Columbia
*'''Sechelt Indian Residential School''' (1912 - 1975): Sechelt, British Columbia
* '''St. George's Indian Residential School''' (1901 - 1979): Lytton, British Columbia
*'''St. Joseph's Mission''' (1890 - 1981): Lamming Mills, British Columbia
*'''St. Mary's Mission Indian Residential School''' (1861 - 1984): Mission, British Columbia
* '''St. Michael's Indian Residential School''' (1925 - 1975): Alert Bay, British Columbia
*'''St. Paul’s Indian Residential School''' (1898 - 1959): North Vancouver, British Columbia
*'''Yale Indian Residential School''' (1900 - 1920): Yale, British Columbia
*'''Yuquot Indian Residential School''' (1901 - 1913): Yuquot, British Columbia

===Prince Edward Island===
''None''

===Saskatchewan===

*'''All Saints Indian Residential School''' (1865 - 1951): Prince Albert, Saskatchewan
*'''Battleford Industrial School''' (1883 - 1914): Battleford, Saskatchewan
*'''Beauval Indian Residential School''' (1895 - 1983): Beauval, Saskatchewan
* '''Crowstand Indian Residential School''' (1888 - 1916): Kamsack, Saskatchewan
* '''Emmanuel College''' (1879 - 1923): Prince Albert, Saskatchewan
*'''File Hills Indian Residential School''' (1889 - 1949): Okanese Reserve, Saskatchewan
*'''Gordon's Indian Residential School''' (1889 - 1996): Punnichy, Saskatchewan
*'''Guy Hill Indian Residential School''' (1926 - 1952): Sturgeon Landing, Saskatchewan
*'''Île-à-la-Crosse Indian Residential School''' (1878 - 1976): Île-à-la-Crosse, Saskatchewan
*'''Lake La Ronge Mission Indian Residential School''' (1914 - 1947): La Ronge, Saskatchewan
*'''Marieval Indian Residential School''' (1899 - 1981): Marieval, Saskatchewan
*'''Muscowequan Indian Residential School''' (1932 - 1981): Lestock, Saskatchewan
*'''Prince Albert Indian Residential School''' (1951 - 1964): Prince Albert, Saskatchewan
*'''Qu'Appelle Indian Residential School''' (1884 - 1969): Lebret, Saskatchewan
* '''Regina Indian Residential School''' (1890 - 1910): Regina, Saskatchewan
*'''Round Lake Indian Residential School''' (1886 - 1950): Whitewood, Saskatchewan
*'''St. Albans Indian Residential School''' (Unknown - 1951): Prince Albert, Saskatchewan
*'''St. Anthony's Indian Residential School''' (1891 - 1968): Onion Lake, Saskatchewan
*'''St. Barnabas Indian Residential School''' (1893 - 1951): Onion Lake, Saskatchewan
*'''St. Michael's Indian Residential School''' (1894 - 1982): Duck Lake, Saskatchewan
*'''St. Phillip's Indian Residential School''' (1899 - 1965): Kamsack, Saskatchewan
*'''Thunderchild Indian Residential School''' (1933 - 1948): Delmas, Saskatchewan

===Alberta===

* '''Assumption Indian Residential School''' (1951 - 1970): Assumption, Alberta
*'''Blue Quill's Indian Residential School''' (1862 - 1970): Lac la Biche, Saddle Lake and St. Paul, Alberta
* '''Crowfoot Indian Residential School''' (1900 - 1968): Blackfoot Crossing and Cluny, Alberta
*'''Desmarais Residential School''' (1901 - 1973): Desmarais-Wabasca, Alberta
*'''Edmonton Residential School''' (1924 - 1968): St. Albert, Alberta
*'''Ermineskin Indian Residential School''' (1915 - 1973): Hobbema, Alberta
* '''Fort Vermilion Residential School''' (1903 - 1968): Fort Vermilion, Alberta
* '''Grouard Residential School''' (1894 - 1957): Grouard, Alberta
*'''Holy Angels Indian Residential School''' (1902 - 1974): Fort Chipewyan, Alberta
*'''Joussard Residential School''' (1913 - 1969): Joussard, Alberta
*'''Lesser Slave Lake Residential School''' (1895 - 1932): Slave Lake, Alberta
*'''Morley Residential School''' (1926 - 1949): Morley, Alberta
*'''Old Sun Residential School''' (1894 - 1971): Gleichen, Alberta
* '''Red Deer Industrial School''' (1893 - 1919): Red Deer, Alberta
*'''Sacred Heart Residential School''' (1892 - 1961): Brocket, Alberta
*'''Sarcee Residential School''' (1892 - 1921): Sarcee Trail, Alberta
*'''St. Albert Residential School''' (1873 - 1948): St. Albert, Alberta
*'''St. Cyprian's Residential School''' (1900 - 1962): Brocket, Alberta
*'''St. Joseph's Industrial School''' (1884 - 1922): High River, Alberta
*'''St. Mary's Indian Residential School''' (1898 - 1988): Stand-Off, Alberta
*'''St. Paul's Residential School''' (1893 - 1975): Cardston, Alberta
*'''Sturgeon Lake Residential School''' (1907 - 1961): Calais, Alberta
*'''Wabasca Residential School''' (1902 - 1966): Wabasca, Alberta
*'''Whitefish Lake Residential School''' (1895 - 1950): Whitefish Lake, Alberta

===Newfoundland and Labrador ===

*'''Lockwood School''' (1949 - 1964): Cartwright, Labrador
* '''Makkovik Boarding School''' (1949 - 1960): Makkovik, Labrador
*'''Nain Boarding School''' (1949 - 1973): Nain, Labrador
*'''St. Anthony's Orphanage''' (1949 - 1979): St. Anthony, Newfoundland
*'''Yale School''' (Unknown - 1980): North West River, Labrador

===Northwest Territories===

* '''Akaitcho Hall''' (1958 - 1994): Yellowknife, North Slave Region
*'''Aklavik Anglican Indian Residential School''' (1927 - 1959): Shingle Point, Inuvik Region
*'''Aklavik Catholic Indian Residential School''' (1925 - 1996): Aklavik, Inuvik Region
*'''Fort McPherson Indian Residential School''' (1898 - 1970): Fort McPherson, Inuvik Region
*'''Fort Providence Indian Residential School''' (1967 - 1953): Fort Providence, South Slave Region
*'''Fort Resolution Indian Residential School''' (1867 - Unknown): Fort Resolution, South Slave Region
*'''Fort Simpson Indian Residential School''' (1920 - 1970): Fort Simpson, Dehcho Region
*'''Fort Smith Indian Residential''' (1957 - 1970): Fort Smith, South Slave Region
*'''Hay River Indian Residential School''' (1898 - 1949): Hay River, South Slave Region

===Yukon===

*'''Aklavik Anglican Indian Residential School''' (1927 - 1934): Shingle Point, Yukon
*'''Baptist Indian Residential School''' (1900 - 1968): Whitehorse, Yukon
*'''Carcross Indian Residential School''' (1891 - 1910): Forty Mile, Yukon
*'''Chooutla Indian Residential School''' (1910 - 1969): Carcross, Yukon
*'''St. Paul's Indian Residential School''' (1920 - 1943): Dawson City, Yukon
*'''Yukon Hall''' (1956 - 1965): Whitehorse, Yukon

===Nunavut===

*'''Chesterfield Inlet Indian Residential School''' (1929 - 1970): Chesterfield Inlet, Nunavut
*'''Frobisher Bay Indian Residential School''' (1965 - Unknown): Frobisher Bay, Nunavut
*'''Kivalliq Hall''' (1985 - 1997): Rankin Inlet, Nunavut

== Videos ==
<YouTube width=320 height=180>https://youtu.be/V2p11VUnHWU</YouTube>
<YouTube width=320 height=180>https://youtu.be/A-g1L80rZck</YouTube>

== Trivia ==

* It is widely believed that the Gordon residential school in Saskatchewan was the last of the residential schools to close in 1996. However, in 2019, the Indian Residential School Settlement Agreement (IRSSA) found that the Kivalliq Hall in Nunavut was officially the last school to close in 1997.
*Although Stephen Harper apologized for the residential school system, he refused to apologize for the residential schools in Newfoundland and Labrador, as the province did not become a part of Canada until 1949 and none of the schools were federally funded.
*One reason why no residential schools operated in New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island is likely due to the fact the Mi'kmaq were one of the only indigenous groups that resided in the area, thus they only needed one school in Nova Scotia to assimilate the Mi'kmaq into western culture.
*The Kuper Island residential school in British Columbia has been described as "Canada's Alcatraz", due to the difficulty of escape from its remote island location.
* The Shubenacadie residential school in Nova Scotia is the only school where no gravesites had been found so far.

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