https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Raeder
Erich Johann Albert Raeder (24 April 1876 – 6 November 1960) was a naval leader in Germany who played a major role in the naval history of World War II. Raeder attained the highest possible naval rank—that of Großadmiral (Grand Admiral) — in 1939, becoming the first person to hold that rank since Alfred von Tirpitz. Raeder led the Kriegsmarine for the first half of the war; he resigned in 1943 and was replaced by Karl Dönitz. He was sentenced to life in prison at the Nuremberg Trials, but was released early due to failing health.
Contents
- 1 Life before becoming the Grand Admiral
- 1.1 Early years
- 1.2 Imperial German Navy
- 1.3 World War I
- 2 Weimar Republic
- 2.1 High Seas Fleet mutiny
- 2.2 Kapp putsch
- 2.3 Inspector of Training
- 2.4 Commander in Chief
- 3 World War II
- 3.1 Resignation
- 4 Post war
- 4.1 Nuremberg trial
- 4.2 Freedom
- 5 Dates of rank
- 6 Awards and decorations
Life before becoming the Grand Admiral
Main article: Erich Raeder pre Grand Admiral
Early years
Raeder was born in Wandsbek in the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein in the German Empire. His father was a headmaster, who as a teacher and a father was noted for his marked authoritarian views, and who impressed upon his son the values of hard work, thrift, faith and obedience—all values that Raeder preached throughout his life.[1]
Hans Raeder also warned his children that if Germany were to become a
democracy, that would be a disaster as it meant government by men "playing politics"—doing what was only best for their petty sectarian interests instead of the nation.[1]
Raeder joined the Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial Navy) in 1894 and rapidly rose in rank, becoming Chief of Staff for Franz von Hipper in 1912. From 1901 to 1903 Raeder served on the staff of Prince Heinrich of Prussia, and gained a powerful patron in the process.[2] Raeder's rise up the ranks was due mostly to his intelligence and hard work.[3] Owing to his cold and distant personality, Raeder was a man whom even his friends often admitted to knowing very little about.[3] The dominating figure of the Navy was Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz, the autocratic State Secretary of the Navy. Tirpitz's preferred means of obtaining "world power status" was through his Risikotheorie (risk theory) where Germany would build a Risikoflotte
(Risk Fleet) that would make it too dangerous for Britain to risk a war
with Germany, and thereby alter the international balance of power decisively in the Reich's favor. Tirpitz transformed the Navy from the small coastal defense force of 1897 into the mighty High Seas Fleet of 1914. Raeder was married in 1903 and had three children by his first wife.[4] In 1904, Raeder, who spoke fluent Russian, was sent to the Far East as an observer of the Russo-Japanese War.[4]
Starting in 1905, Raeder worked in the public relations section of the
Navy, where he first met Tirpitz and began his introduction to politics by briefing journalists to run articles promoting the Seemachtideologie and meeting politicians who held seats in the Reichstag in order to convert them to the Seemachtideologie.[5] Working closely with Tirpitz, Raeder was heavily involved in the lobbying the Reichstag to pass the Third Navy Law of 1906 which committed Germany to building "all big gun battleships" to compete with the new British Dreadnought class in the Anglo-German naval race that had begun early in the 20th century.[6]
Raeder was the captain of Kaiser Wilhelm II's private yacht in the years leading up to World War I. In itself, this was not a rewarding post, but often people in this post were quickly promoted afterwards.[7]
World War I
Raeder served as Hipper's Chief of Staff during World War I as well as in combat posts, taking part in the Battle of Dogger Bank in 1915 and the Battle of Jutland in 1916. Raeder later described Hipper as an admiral who "hated paperwork", and as such, Hipper delegated considerable power to Raeder, who thus enjoyed more power than what his position as chief of staff would suggest.[8] During and after World War I, the German navy had been divided into two factions. One faction, led by Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz, were avid followers of the teachings of the American historian Alfred Thayer Mahan and believed in building a "balanced fleet" centred around the battleship that would, if war came, seek out and win a decisive battle of annihilation (Entscheidungsschlacht) against the Royal Navy.[9] Another faction, led by Commander Wolfgang Wegener, argued that because of superior British shipbuilding capacity Germany could never hope to build a "balanced fleet" capable of winning the Entscheidungsschlacht, and so the best use of German naval strength was to build a fleet of cruisers and submarines that would wage a guerre de course.[10]
After reading all three of Wegener's papers setting out his ideas,
Admiral Hipper decided to submit them to the Admiralty in Berlin, but changed his mind after reading a paper by Raeder attacking the "Wegener thesis" as flawed.[11]
This marked the beginning of a long feud between Raeder and Wegener
with Wegener claiming that his former friend Raeder was jealous of what Wegener insisted were his superior ideas.[12]
In May 1916, Raeder played a major role planning a raid by Hipper's battlecruisers that was intended to lure out the British battlecruiser force which would then be destroyed by the main High Seas Fleet.[13] This raid became the Battle of Jutland. Raeder played a prominent role and was forced midway through the battle to transfer from the SMS Lützow to the SMS Moltke as a result of damage to Hipper's flagship.
As Chief of Staff to Admiral Hipper, he was closely involved in a plan of Hipper's for a German battlecruiser squadron to sail across the Atlantic and sweep through the waters off Canada down to the West Indies and on to South America to sink the British cruisers operating in those waters, and thereby force the British to redeploy a substantial part of the Home Fleet to the New World.[14] Though Hipper's plans were rejected as far too risky, it was a major influence on Raeder's later thinking.[15]
On 14 October 1918, Raeder received a major promotion when he was appointed deputy to Admiral Paul Behncke, the Naval State Secretary.[16]
Raeder had doubts about submarines but he spent the last weeks of the
war working to achieve the Scheer Programme of building 450 U-boats.
On 28 October 1918 the fleet mutinied.[17] Raeder played a major role in attempting to crush the mutiny.
Weimar Republic
Raeder's two younger brothers were both killed in action in the First World War, and in 1919 his first marriage, which had been under heavy strain due to war-related stress, ended in divorce.[18]
For the puritanical Raeder, the divorce was a huge personal disgrace,
and for the rest of his life he always denied his first marriage.[18] The years 1918–1919 were some of the most troubled in his life.[18]
High Seas Fleet mutiny
In the winter of 1918–19, Raeder was closely involved in the efforts of the naval officer corps, strongly backed by the Defense Minister Gustav Noske–a Majority Social Democrat with firm law and order views–to disband the sailors' councils established after the mutiny.[19]
During this period, Raeder served as the liaison between the naval
officer corps and Noske, and it was Raeder who suggested to Noske on 11 January 1919 that Adolf von Trotha be appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Navy.[20]
Tirpitz's attacks on the Emperor's leadership during the war had caused
a split in the officer corps between the followers of "the Master" and the Kaiser, and Raeder wanted Trotha as the only officer acceptable to both fractions.[20] Noske in turn asked the Navy for volunteers for the Freikorps to crush uprisings from the Communists.[21] The Navy contributed two brigades to the Freikorps.[22] The price of the Navy supporting the Freikorps
was the continuation of the Navy's "state-within-the state" status and
the end of attempts to democratise the military. Under the Weimar Republic, the military considered itself überparteiliche (above party), which did not mean political neutrality as implied.[23] The military argued that there were two types of "politics": parteipolitisch (party politics) which was the responsibility of the politicians, and staatspolitisch (state politics) which was the responsibility of the military.[23] Staatspolitisch
concerned Germany's "eternal" interests and the "historic mission" of
winning world power, which was to be pursued regardless of what the politicians or the people wanted.[23]
Kapp putsch
After the war, in 1920, Raeder was involved in the failed Kapp Putsch when, together with almost the entire naval officer corps, he declared himself openly for the "government" of Wolfgang Kapp against the leaders of the Weimar Republic.[2] In the summer of 1920 Raeder married his second wife, with whom he was to have one son.
Inspector of Training
After the failure of the Kapp putsch
he was marginalized in the Navy, being transferred to the Naval
Archives, where for two years he played a leading role in writing the official history of the Navy in World War I.[24] After this, Raeder resumed his steady rise in the navy hierarchy, becoming Vizeadmiral (Vice Admiral) in 1925.
Commander in Chief
In October 1928, Raeder was promoted to Admiral and made Commander-in-Chief of the Reichsmarine, the Weimar Republic Navy (Oberbefehlshaber der Reichsmarine).
Main article: Interwar naval service of Erich Raeder
World War II
Main article: Erich Raeder during World War II
Großadmiral Raeder believed the navy was unprepared for the start of World War II by at least five years. The surface fleet was inadequate to fight the Royal Navy and instead adopted a strategy of convoy raiding. Raeder wanted the Kriegsmarine to play an active part because he feared the budget would be cut after the war. The smaller ships were dispersed around the world in order to force the Royal Navy to disperse their ships to combat them, while the battleships would carry out raids in the North Sea, with a view towards gradually reducing the Royal Navy's strength at home. Raeder was unhappy with the outcome of the Battle of the River Plate and believed that Hans Langsdorff should not have scuttled the ship, but instead sailed out to engage the Royal Navy. Raeder subsequently issued orders that ships were to fight until the last shell and either win or sink with their flag flying. Fleet commander Hermann Boehm was held responsible and was sacked by Raeder.
The Allies were using Norwegian airfields to transfer aircraft to the Finns fighting against the Soviets in the Winter War, as well as mining Norwegian waters and the Germans were alarmed by these developments. If the allies were to use Norwegian naval bases or successfully mine Norwegian waters, they could cut off the vital iron ore imports from Sweden and tighten the blockade of Germany. The Allies also had made plans to invade Norway and Sweden in order to cut off the iron ore shipments to Germany. Admiral Rolf Carls, commander of the Kriegsmarine in the Baltic sea region, proposed the invasion of Norway to Raeder in September 1939. Raeder briefed Hitler on the idea in October, but planning did not begin until December 1939. The operation was in low-priority planning until the Altmark Incident, but found a new sense of urgency thereafter. The invasion proved costly for the Kriegsmarine, losing a heavy cruiser, two of its six light cruisers, 10 of its 20 destroyers and six U-boats. In addition, almost all of the other capital ships were damaged and required dockyard repairs, and for a time the German surface fleet had only three light cruisers and four destroyers operational in the aftermath of the Norwegian Campaign.
The swift victory over France allowed the Kriegsmarine to base itself in ports on France's west coast. This was strategically important as German ships would no longer have to navigate through the dangerous English Channel in order to return to friendly ports, as well as allow them to range farther out into the Atlantic to attack convoys. With the surrender of France, Raeder saw the opportunity to greatly enhance the navy's power by confiscating the ships of the French Navy and manning them with his crews. Hitler however, vetoed this idea, afraid that doing so would push the French navy to join the Royal Navy. British fears of Raeder's plan resulted in the Attack on Mers-el-Kébir, where the Royal Navy attacked the French navy despite being at peace.
On 11 July 1940, Hitler and Raeder agreed to continue to build the battleships of Plan Z. Raeder also had bases built at Trondheim, St Nazaire and Lorient. At this time, Raeder and other senior officers began submitting memos to invade (among others) Shetland, Iceland, the Azores, Iran, Madagascar, Kuwait, Egypt and the Dutch East Indies.[citation needed]
In January 1941, the battlecruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau were sent on a successful commerce raiding mission in the Atlantic. On 18 March, Raeder wanted to start firing on US warships even if unprovoked.[citation needed] He declined to invade the Azores on the grounds of the surface ship losses the previous year.[citation needed]
In April 1941, Raeder planned to follow up the success of Operation Berlin with an even larger mission involving a battleship, two battlecruisers and a heavy cruiser under the command of Lütjens, codenamed Operation Rheinübung. The original plan was to have the battlecruisers Gneisenau and Scharnhorst involved in the operation, but Scharnhorst was undergoing heavy repairs to her engines, and Gneisenau had just suffered a damaging torpedo hit days before which put her out of action for six months. In the end only the Bismarck and Prince Eugen were sent out on the mission, which ended with Bismarck's sinking. The debacle almost saw the end of using capital ships against merchant shipping.[citation needed] Hitler was not pleased and saw the Bismarck as a poor investment.
In late 1941, Raeder planned the channel dash which sent the remaining capital ships to Norway. The plan was to then threaten the lend-lease convoys to the Soviet Union, to deter an invasion of Norway and to tie down elements of the Home fleet that might otherwise have been used in the Atlantic against the wolfpacks.
Resignation
Main article: Erich Raeder resignation and later
After a series of failed operations, especially the Battle of the Barents Sea, Raeder was retired and made to Admiral Inspector, a ceremonial office. Raeder had intended to inform Hitler of the failure of the Barents Sea and explain it as a series of misunderstandings. However, the message was not passed on, and Hitler, believing that the battle had been a success, announced a victory. When Hitler learned the truth, he summoned Raeder to explain himself. Upon Raeder's arrival, Hitler scolded him and decided he would scrap the German surface fleet.[citation needed] On 30 January 1943 Raeder resigned.
Post war
Nuremberg trial
Raeder was indicted of war crimes in October 1945. He was sentenced to life imprisonment at the Nuremberg trials. He was surprised as he had expected to be sentenced to death. Whilst in prison, Raeder conducted a feud with Dönitz.[citation needed]
There were several campaigns to free Raeder, by his wife and German
veterans. Due to ill health, Raeder was released on 26 September 1955.
Freedom
He wrote his autobiography using ghost writers. Raeder wanted to continue his feud with Dönitz, but the ghost writers would not allow it for the sake of the navy. Raeder enjoyed attending and speaking at veteran meetings. Erich Raeder died in Kiel on 6 November 1960. His wife had died in 1959. He is buried in the Nordfriedhof (North Cemetery), Kiel.[25]
Dates of rank
- Seekadett — 13 May 1895
- Fähnrich zur See — 25 October 1897
- Leutnant zur See — 1 January 1899
- Oberleutnant zur See — 9 April 1900
- Kapitänleutnant — 21 March 1905
- Korvettenkapitän — 15 April 1911
- Fregattenkapitän — 26 April 1917
- Kapitän zur See — 29 November 1919
- Konteradmiral — 1 August 1922
- Vizeadmiral — 10 September 1925
- Admiral — 1 October 1928
- Generaladmiral — 20 April 1936
- Großadmiral — 1 April 1939
Awards and decorations
- Order of the Double Dragon, 3rd class, 2nd Level (China, 10 October 1898)
- China Medal in steel (German Empire, 12 December 1901)
- Order of the Red Eagle, 4th class (Prussia, 22 June 1907)[26]
- Honorary Knight 2nd class of the House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis with Silver Crown (Oldenburg, 17 September 1907)[26]
- Order of the Red Eagle, 4th class with Crown (Prussia, 5 September 1911)[26]
- Commander's Cross of the Order of Franz Joseph (Austria, 16 September 1911)[26]
- Commander's Cross of the Order of the Redeemer (Greece, 14 May 1912)[26]
- Order of Saint Stanislaus, 2nd class (Russia, 16 April 1913)
- Iron Cross (1914)
- 1st Class (19 November 1914)[26]
- 2nd Class (18 February 1915)[26]
- Imtiyaz Medal in silver with Swords
- Ottoman War Medal (also known as the "Gallipoli Star" or "Iron Crescent")
- Friedrich August Cross, 1st and 2nd class (Oldenburg)
- Knight's Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern with swords (5 June 1916)
- Military Merit Order, 4th class with swords and crown (Bavaria, 20 December 1916)
- War Commemorative Medal (Bulgaria, 20 November 1917)
- Military Merit Cross, 3rd class with war decoration (Austria-Hungary, 4 September 1918)
- Honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Kiel (31 May 1926)
- Grand Cross of the Order of Naval Merit (Spain, 16 November 1928)
- Commander's Cross with Star of the Order of Merit (Chile, September 1928)
- World War Commemorative Medal with swords on (Hungary, 3 June 1931)
- Grand Officer of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (Italy, 7 May 1934)
- Grand Cross of the Order of Military Merit (Bulgaria, 28 June 1934)
- Cross of Honour (9 October 1934)
- Order of Merit, 1st class (Hungary, 5 December 1934)
- Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland (27 February 1936)
- Wehrmacht Long Service Award, 1st class (2 October 1936)
- Olympic Games Decoration, 1st class (16 August 1936)
- Golden Party Badge (30 January 1937)
- Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (Italy, 20 September 1937)
- Order of the Rising Sun, 1st class (Japan, 9 November 1937)
- War Memorial Medal (Bulgaria, 30 November 1937)
- Golden Medal of Honour of Hamburg (1 April 1939)
- Order of the White Eagle (Poland, 2 June 1939)
- Grand Cross of the Order of Naval Merit in White (Spain, 21 August 1939)
- Sudetenland Medal (25 October 1938) with "Prague Castle" clasp (Sudetenspange) (19 September 1939)
- Memel Medal (26 October 1939)
- Clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st and 2nd class (30 September 1939)
- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (30 September 1939) as Großadmiral and Oberbefehlshaber der Kriegsmarine[27][28]
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword (Sweden, 24 October 1940)
- Grand Cross of Order of St Alexander with swords (Bulgaria, 3 September 1941)
- Order of Michael the Brave, 1st, 2nd and 3rd Class (Romania, 14 October 1941)[26]
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Cross of Liberty (Finland, 25 March 1942)[26]
- Grand Cross of the Military Order of Savoy (4 April 1942)
- Grand Cross Order of the Crown of King Zvonimir with swords and other decorations (Croatia, 26 September 1942)
- Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Kingdom of Hungary with war ribbon with swords (Hungary, 8 February 1943)