Editing Gilles de Rais

{{Mature}}{{Important}}{{Villain Infobox|name=Gilles de Rais|Image=Gilles de Rais gravure.jpg|alias=Bluebeard|origin=Champtocé-sur-Loire, Kingdom of France|type of villain=Pedophile serial killer of the aristocracy|fullname=Gilles de Montmorency-Laval|crimes=[[Murder]]<br>[[Torture]]<br>[[Pedophilia]]<br>Mutilation<br>[[Child Abuse]]<br>[[Misogyny]]<br>[[Misandry]]<br>[[Kidnapping]]<br>[[Rape]]<br>[[Necrophilia]]<br>[[Cannibalism]]<br>[[War crimes]]}}{{Quote|The boy was pampered and dressed in better clothes than he had ever known. The evening began with a large meal and heavy drinking, particularly hippocras, which acted as a stimulant. The boy was then taken to an upper room to which only Gilles and his immediate circle were admitted. There he was confronted with the true nature of his situation. The shock thus produced on the boy was an initial source of pleasure for Gilles|Jean Benedetti (1971 biography of Gilles de Rais)}}
'''Gilles de Rais''' (September 4, 1405 - October 26, 1440) was a Breton Knight active in 1420 until 1435 and was infamous for being a prolific serial-killer, mainly of children. Gilles was also a practitioner of the occult and indeed it was a violent incident with a clergyman that ultimately exposed the knight for his true nature and as a result on the 26th October 1440, he was hanged for his crimes. Due to the nature of his crimes, Gilles has become somewhat infamous and is said to be one of the inspirations for [http://villains.wikia.com/wiki/Bluebeard Bluebeard].

Gilles de Rais was said to be extremely sadistic and a pedophile who took sexual pleasure out of the murder of children, although some at the time claimed he was a victim of the church. Most modern historians have agreed he was most likely a Catholic who gave into criminality and depravity later in life. Although a practitioner of the occult, Gilles was said to have been quite disappointed and angry with the occult as none of the promised wealth or magic his occult advisors promised him came to fruition.

Due to his knightly status, Gilles de Rais was granted a proper burial despite his horrendous crimes. Indeed, a monument to him remained until its destruction during the French Revolution.

Gilles de Rais is believed to be the inspiration for the 1697 fairy tale "[[Bluebeard]]" ("Barbebleu") by Charles Perrault. His life is the subject of several modern novels, and referenced in a number of rock bands' albums and songs. He killed at least 100 people but it has been theorized that the true number is nearer to 1000.

==Early life==
Gilles de Rais was likely born in late 1405<ref>{{fr icon}} Matei Cazacu, ''Gilles de Rais'', Paris: Tallandier, 2005, p.11 ; 23-25.</ref> to Guy II de Montmorency-Laval and Marie de Craon in the family castle at Champtocé-sur-Loire.<ref>{{fr icon}} Ambroise Ledru, "Gilles de Rais dit Barbe-Bleue, maréchal de France. Sa jeunesse, 1404-1424", ''L'union historique et littéraire du Maine'', vol. I, 1893, pp.270-284; {{fr icon}} Matei Cazacu, ''Gilles de Rais'', 2005, p.11.</ref> He was an intelligent child, speaking fluent Latin, illuminating manuscripts, and dividing his education between military discipline and moral and intellectual development.<ref name="BenedettiP33">{{Harvnb|Benedetti|1971|p=33}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Wolf|1980|p=13}}</ref> Following the deaths of his father and mother in 1415, de Rais and his younger brother René de La Suze were placed under the tutelage of Jean de Craon, their maternal grandfather.<ref name="BenedettiP35">{{Harvnb|Benedetti|1971|p=35}}</ref> Jean de Craon was a schemer who attempted to arrange a marriage for twelve-year-old de Rais with four-year-old Jeanne Paynel, one of the richest heiresses in Normandy, and, when the plan failed, attempted unsuccessfully to unite the boy with Béatrice de Rohan, the niece to the Duke of Brittany.<ref name="BenedettiPP37–38">{{Harvnb|Benedetti|1971|pp=37–38}}</ref> On 30 November 1420, however, Craon substantially increased his grandson's fortune by marrying him to Catherine de Thouars of Brittany, heiress of La Vendée and [[Poitou]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Wolf|1980|p=28}}</ref> Their only child Marie was born in 1429.<ref name="BenedettiP45,102">{{Harvnb|Benedetti|1971|pp=45,102}}</ref>

==Military career==
[[File:Blason Gilles de Rais.svg|right|thumb|Coat of arms of Gilles de Rais]]

In the decades following the [[Breton War of Succession]] (1341–64), the defeated faction led by Olivier de Blois, Count of Penthièvre, continued to plot against the Dukes of the House of Montfort.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wolf|1980|pp=22,24}}</ref> The Blois faction, who still refused to relinquish their claim to rule over the [[Duchy of Brittany]], had taken Duke John VI prisoner in violation of the [[Treaty of Guérande (1365)]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Wolf|1980|p=23}}</ref> The sixteen-year-old Gilles de Rais took the side of the House of Montfort. De Rais was able to secure the Duke's release, and was rewarded with generous land grants which were converted to monetary gifts.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wolf|1980|p=26}}</ref>

In 1425, de Rais was introduced to the court of Charles VII at Saumur and learned courtly manners by studying the [[Dauphin of France|Dauphin]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Wolf|1980|p=37}}</ref> <br>At the battle for the Château of Lude, he took prisoner the English captain Blackburn.<ref>Jean de Bueil, ''Le Jouvencel'', Paris, Librairie Renouard, Part 1, 1887, [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k331566/f22.image.r pp.XV-XVII] ; Part 2 II, 1889, [https://archive.org/stream/lejouvencelparj00bueigoog#page/n285/mode/2up pp.273-275]</ref><ref>Matei Cazacu, ''Gilles de Rais'', Taillandier, 2005, pp.79</ref>

From 1427 to 1435, de Rais served as a commander in the Royal Army, distinguishing himself by displaying reckless bravery on the battlefield during the renewal of the [[Hundred Years War]].<ref name="BenedettiPP63–64">{{Harvnb|Benedetti|1971|pp=63–64}}</ref> In 1429, he fought alongside Joan of Arc in several of the campaigns waged against the English and their [[Duchy of Burgundy|Burgundian]] allies.<ref name="BenedettiP198" /> He was present with Joan when the Siege of Orléans ended.<ref name="BenedettiPP83–84">{{Harvnb|Benedetti|1971|pp=83–84}}</ref>

On Sunday 17 July 1429, de Rais was chosen as one of four lords for the honor of bringing the Holy Ampulla from the Abbey of Saint-Remy to Notre-Dame de Reims for the consecration of [[Charles VII of France|Charles VII]] as King of France.<ref name="BenedettiP93">{{Harvnb|Benedetti|1971|p=93}}</ref> On the same day, he was officially created a Marshal of France.<ref name="BenedettiP198">{{Harvnb|Benedetti|1971|p=198}}</ref>

Following the Siege of Orléans, Rais was granted the right to add a border of the royal arms, the fleur-de-lys on an azure ground, to his own. The letters patent authorizing the display cited de Rais’ "high and commendable services", the "great perils and dangers" he had confronted, and "many other brave feats".<ref name="BenedettiP101">{{Harvnb|Benedetti|1971|p=101}}</ref>

In May 1431, Joan of Arc was burned at the stake; de Rais was not present. His grandfather died 15 November 1432, and, in a public gesture to mark his displeasure with Gilles' reckless spending of a carefully amassed fortune, left his sword and his breastplate to de Rais' younger brother René de La Suze.<ref>{{Harvnb|Benedetti|1971|pp=106,123}}</ref>

==Private life==
In 1435, de Rais gradually withdrew from military and public life in order to pursue his own interests: the construction of a splendid Chapel of the Holy Innocents (where he officiated in robes of his own design),<ref>{{Harvnb|Benedetti|1971|p=123}}</ref> and the production of a theatrical spectacle called ''Le Mistère du Siège d'Orléans''. The play consisted of more than 20,000 lines of verse, requiring 140 speaking parts and 500 extras. De Rais was almost bankrupt at the time of the production and began selling property as early as 1432 to support his extravagant lifestyle. By March 1433, he had sold all his estates in Poitou (except those of his wife) and all his property in Maine. Only two castles in [[Anjou]], Champtocé-sur-Loire and Ingrandes, remained in his possession. Half of the total sales and mortgages were spent on the production of his play. The spectacle was first performed in Orléans on 8 May 1435. Six hundred costumes were constructed, worn once, discarded, and constructed afresh for subsequent performances. Unlimited supplies of food and drink were made available to spectators at de Rais' expense.<ref>{{Harvnb|Benedetti|1971|pp=128–133}}</ref>

In June 1435, family members gathered to put a curb on de Rais. They appealed to Pope Eugene IV to disavow the Chapel of the Holy Innocents (which he refused to do) and carried their concerns to the king. On 2 July 1435, a royal edict was proclaimed in Orléans, Tours, Angers, Pouzauges, and Champtocé-sur-Loire denouncing de Rais as a spendthrift and forbidding him from selling any further property. No subject of Charles VII was allowed to enter into any contract with him, and those in command of his castles were forbidden to dispose of them. de Rais' credit fell immediately and his creditors pressed upon him. He borrowed heavily, using his ''objets d'art'', manuscripts, books and clothing as security. When he left Orléans in late August or early September 1435, the town was littered with precious objects he was forced to leave behind. The edict did not apply to Brittany, and the family was unable to persuade the Duke of Brittany to enforce it.<ref>{{Harvnb|Benedetti|1971|p=135}}</ref>

==Occult involvement==

In 1438, according to testimony at his trial from the priest Eustache Blanchet and the cleric François Prelati, de Rais sent out Blanchet to seek individuals who knew [[alchemy]] and [[Evocation|demon summoning]]. Blanchet contacted Prelati in Florence and convinced him to take service with his master. Having reviewed the magical books of Prelati and a traveling Breton, de Rais chose to initiate experiments, the first taking place in the lower hall of his castle at [[Tiffauges]], attempting to summon a demon named Barron. De Rais provided a contract with the demon for riches that Prelati was to give to the demon at a later time.

As no demon manifested after three tries, the Marshal grew frustrated with the lack of results. Prelati responded that the demon Barron was angry and required the offering of parts of a child. De Rais provided these remnants in a glass vessel at a future evocation. All of this was to no avail, and the occult experiments left him bitter and with his wealth severely depleted.<ref>Bataille, Georges. ''The Trial of Gilles de Rais''. Los Angeles: AMOK, 1991.</ref>

==Child killer==
In his confession, de Rais maintained the first assaults on children occurred between spring 1432 and spring 1433.<ref name="BenedettiP109">{{Harvnb|Benedetti|1971|p=109}}</ref> The first murders allegedly occurred at Champtocé-sur-Loire; however, no accounts of the crimes survive.<ref name="BenedettiP112">{{Harvnb|Benedetti|1971|p=112}}</ref> Shortly after, de Rais moved to Machecoul where, as the record of his confession states, he killed, or ordered to be killed, a great but uncertain number of children after he [[sodomy|sodomized]] them.<ref name="BenedettiP112" /> Forty naked bodies of children were discovered in Machecoul in 1437.<ref name="BenedettiP112" />

The first documented case of child-snatching and murder concerns a boy of twelve called Jeudon (first name unknown), an apprentice to the [[furrier]] Guillaume Hilairet.<ref name="BenedettiP113">{{Harvnb|Benedetti|1971|p=113}}</ref> Gilles de Rais' cousins, Gilles de Sillé and Roger de Briqueville, asked the furrier to lend them the boy to take a message to Machecoul, and, when Jeudon did not return, the two noblemen told the inquiring furrier that they were ignorant of the boy's whereabouts and suggested he had been carried off by thieves at [[Tiffauges]] to be made into a [[Page (occupation)|page]].<ref name="BenedettiP113" /> In Gilles de Rais' trial, the events were testified to by Hillairet and his wife, the boy's father Jean Jeudon, and five others from Machecoul.

In his 1971 biography of Gilles de Rais, Jean Benedetti tells how the children who fell into de Rais' hands were put to death:

Gilles' bodyservant Étienne Corrillaut, known as Poitou, was an accomplice in many of the crimes and testified that his master stripped the child naked and hung him with ropes from a hook to prevent him from crying out, then [[masturbation|masturbated]] upon the child's belly or thighs. If the victim was a boy he would touch his genitals (particularly testicles) and buttocks. Taking the victim down, de Rais comforted the child and assured him he only wanted to play with him. De Rais then either killed the child himself or had the child killed by his cousin Gilles de Sillé, Poitou or another bodyservant called Henriet.<ref name="BenedettiP114">{{Harvnb|Benedetti|1971|p=114}}</ref> The victims were killed by decapitation, cutting of their throats, dismemberment, or breaking of their necks with a stick. A short, thick, double-edged [[sword]] called a ''braquemard'' was kept at hand for the murders.<ref name="BenedettiP114" /> Poitou further testified that de Rais sometimes abused the victims (whether boys or girls) before wounding them and at other times after the victim had been slashed in the throat or decapitated. According to Poitou, de Rais disdained the victim's sexual organs, and took "infinitely more pleasure in debauching himself in this manner... than in using their natural orifice, in the normal manner."<ref name="BenedettiP114">{{Harvnb|Benedetti|1971|pp=114–115}}</ref>

In his own confession, de Rais testified that “when the said children were dead, he kissed them and those who had the most handsome limbs and heads he held up to admire them, and had their bodies cruelly cut open and took delight at the sight of their inner organs; and very often when the children were dying he sat on their stomachs and took pleasure in seeing them die and laughed”.<ref name="BenedettiP115">{{Harvnb|Benedetti|1971|p=115}}</ref>

Poitou testified that he and Henriet burned the bodies in the fireplace in de Rais' room. The clothes of the victim were placed into the fire piece-by-piece so they burned slowly and the smell was minimized. The ashes were then thrown into the cesspit, the moat, or other hiding places.<ref name="BenedettiP115" /> The last recorded murder was of the son of Éonnet de Villeblanche and his wife Macée. Poitou paid 20 ''sous'' to have a page's doublet made for the victim, who was then assaulted, murdered, and incinerated in August 1440.<ref name="BenedettiP171">{{Harvnb|Benedetti|1971|p=171}}</ref>

==Trial and execution==
On 15 May 1440, de Rais kidnapped a [[cleric]] during a dispute at the Church of Saint-Étienne-de-Mer-Morte.<ref name="BenedettiP168">{{Harvnb|Benedetti|1971|p=168}}</ref><ref name="WolfP173“">{{Harvnb|Wolf|1980|p=173}}</ref> The act prompted an investigation by the Bishop of Nantes, during which evidence of de Rais' crimes was uncovered.<ref name="BenedettiP168" /> On 29 July, the Bishop released his findings,<ref name="BenedettiP169">{{Harvnb|Benedetti|1971|p=169}}</ref> and subsequently obtained the prosecutorial cooperation of de Rais' former protector, John VI, Duke of Brittany. De Rais and his bodyservants Poitou and Henriet were arrested on 15 September 1440,<ref name="BenedettiP176–177">{{Harvnb|Benedetti|1971|pp=176–177}}</ref><ref name="WolfP178">{{Harvnb|Wolf|1980|p=178}}</ref> following a [[secular]] investigation which paralleled the findings of the investigation from the Bishop of [[Nantes]]. De Rais' prosecution would likewise be conducted by both secular and ecclesiastical courts, on charges which included [[murder]], [[sodomy]], and [[heresy]].<ref name="BenedettiPP177,179">{{Harvnb|Benedetti|1971|pp=177, 179}}</ref>

The extensive witness testimony convinced the judges that there were adequate grounds for establishing the guilt of the accused. After De Rais admitted to the charges on 21 October,<ref name="BenedettiPP182–183">{{Harvnb|Benedetti|1971|pp=182–183}}</ref> the court canceled a plan to torture him into confessing.<ref name="BenedettiP184">{{Harvnb|Benedetti|1971|p=184}}</ref> Peasants of the neighboring villages had earlier begun to make accusations that their children had entered de Rais' castle begging for food and had never been seen again. The transcript, which included testimony from the parents of many of these missing children as well as graphic descriptions of the murders provided by de Rais' accomplices, was said to be so lurid that the judges ordered the worst portions to be stricken from the record.

The precise number of de Rais' victims is not known, as most of the bodies were burned or buried. The number of murders is generally placed between 80 and 200; a few have conjectured numbers upwards of 600. The victims ranged in age from six to eighteen years old and included both sexes, but were predominantly boys.

On 23 October 1440, the secular court heard the confessions of Poitou and Henriet and condemned them both to death,<ref name="BenedettiP189">{{Harvnb|Benedetti|1971|p=189}}</ref> followed by de Rais' death sentence on 25 October.<ref name="BenedettiP189" /> De Rais was allowed to make confession,<ref name="BenedettiP189" /> and his request to be buried in the church of the monastery of Notre-Dame des Carmes in [[Nantes]] was granted.<ref name="BenedettiP190">{{Harvnb|Benedetti|1971|p=190}}</ref>

Execution by hanging and burning was set for Wednesday 26 October. At nine o‘clock, de Rais and his two accomplices made their way in procession to the place of execution on the Ile de Biesse.<ref name="WolfP213">{{Harvnb|Wolf|1980|p=213}}</ref> De Rais is said to have addressed the crowd with contrite piety and exhorted Henriet and Poitou to die bravely and think only of salvation.<ref name="BenedettiP190" /> De Rais' request to be the first to die had been granted the day before.<ref name="BenedettiP189" /> At eleven o'clock, the brush at the platform was set afire and de Rais was hanged. His body was cut down before being consumed by the flames and claimed by "four ladies of high rank" for burial.<ref name="BenedettiP190" /><ref name="WolfP215">{{Harvnb|Wolf|1980|p=215}}</ref> Henriet and Poitou were executed in similar fashion but their bodies were reduced to ashes in the flames and then scattered.<ref name="BenedettiP190" /><ref name="WolfP215" /><ref group="note">Several years after Gilles' death, his daughter Marie had a stone memorial erected at the site of his execution. Over the years, the structure came to be regarded as a holy altar under the protection of [[Saint Anne]]. Generations of pregnant women flocked there to pray for an abundance of [[breast milk]]. The memorial was destroyed by rioting [[Jacobins]] during the [[French Revolution]] in the late 18th century.</ref><ref name="WolfP223">{{Harvnb|Wolf|1980|p=223}}</ref>

==Descendants and Barony of Rais==
Marie de Rais (d.1457) was married first to (1399–20 July 1450 Cherbourg, France), second to André de Laval-Montmorency (1408–1486) and had no children from either marriage. After her death, the Barony de Rais passed to her uncle (1414–1473) and from him to his daughter Jeanne de Retz (1456–1473), married to Francois de Chauvigny (1430–1491). Their son was André III de Chauvigny (d.1503), who was married to Louise de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier (1482–1561) and had no children. Louise de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier, later married Louis, Prince of La Roche-sur-Yon.

==Question of guilt==
Although Gilles de Rais was convicted of murdering many children by his confessions and the detailed eyewitness accounts of his own confederates and victims' parents,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/serial_killers/predators/rais/execution_13.html |title=Gilles de Rais: The Pious Monster|publisher= The Crime Library|accessdate=17 November 2011}}</ref> doubts have persisted about the court's verdict. Counterarguments are based on the theory that de Rais was himself a victim of an ecclesiastic plot or act of revenge by the Catholic Church or French state. Doubts on Gilles de Rais' guilt have long persisted because the Duke of Brittany, who was given the authority to prosecute, received all the titles to de Rais' former lands after his conviction. The Duke then divided the land among his own [[vassal|nobles]]. Writers such as [[secret societies]] specialist [[:fr:Jean-Pierre Bayard|Jean-Pierre Bayard]], in his book ''Plaidoyer pour Gilles de Rais'', contend he was a victim of the [[Inquisition]].

In the early 20th century, Anthropologist Margaret Murray and occultist Aleister Crowley are among those who questioned the involvement of the ecclesiastic and secular authorities in the case. Murray, who propagated the witch-cult hypothesis, speculated in her book ''The Witch-Cult in Western Europe'' that Gilles de Rais was really a witch and adherent of a [[fertility cult]] centered on the [[Roman mythology|pagan]] goddess, Diana.<ref>{{cite book|pages= 173–174|title=[http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/20411 The Witch-Cult in Western Europe]|authorlink=Margaret Murray|first= Margaret|last= Murray|quote= Gilles de Rais was tried and executed as a witch and, in the same way, much that is mysterious in this trial can also be explained by the Dianic Cult|publisher=Oxford: Clarendon Press|year=1921}}</ref><ref>[http://www.aeja.org/Murray/index.html "Historical Association for Joan of Arc Studies."]</ref> However, most historians reject Murray's theory.<ref>Trevor-Roper, Hugh. ''The European Witch-craze of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries,'' 1969.</ref><ref>Russell, Jeffrey. ''A History of Witchcraft: Sorcerers, Heretics, and Pagans,'' 1970.</ref><ref>Simpson, Jacqueline. "Margaret Murray: Who Believed Her and Why?" ''Folkrealllore'' 105, 1994, pp. 89–96.</ref><ref>Hutton, Ronald. ''The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy''. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1991.</ref><ref>Hutton, Ronald. ''The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999</ref><ref>Kitteredge, G. L. ''Witchcraft in Old and New England''. 1951. pp. 275, 421, 565.</ref> [[Norman Cohn]] argues that her theory does not agree with what is known of de Rais' crimes and trial.<ref>Cohn, Norman. ''Europe's Inner Demons''. London: Pimlico, 1973.</ref><ref>Thomas, Keith. ''Religion and the Decline of Magic'', 1971 and 1997, pp. 514–517.</ref> Historians do not regard de Rais as a martyr to a pre-Christian religion; other scholars tend to view him as a lapsed Catholic who descended into crime and depravity.<ref>Barett, W.P. ''The Trial of Joan of Arc''. 1932.</ref><ref>Pernoud, Regine and Marie Veronique Clin. ''Joan of Arc, Her Story''. 1966</ref><ref>Meltzer, Françoise. ''For Fear of the Fire: Joan of Arc and the Limits of Subjectivity''. 2001.</ref>

Gilles de Rais was retried in a [[Moot court]], an unofficial process of rehabilitation in his home country of France.<ref>Alain Jost, ''Gilles de Rais'', Marabout, 1995, pp. 152</ref><ref>http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19921111&id=ATkdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5KUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6620,2828943</ref> In 1992, [[Freemason]] Jean-Yves Goëau-Brissonnière, the [[Grand Master (Masonic)|Grand Master]] of the [[Grande Loge de France|Grand Lodge of France]], organized a court consisting of former French ministers, [[French Parliament|parliament members]] and UNESCO experts to re-examine the source material and evidence available at the medieval trial. The hearing, which concluded Gilles de Rais was not guilty of the crimes, was turned into a documentary called ''Gilles de Rais ou la Gueule du loup'', narrated by the writer Gilbert Prouteau. A team of lawyers, writers and politicians led by Gilbert Prouteau and presided over by Judge Henri Juramy found him not guilty, although none of the initiators is a medieval historian by profession. In addition, none of them sought professional advice from certified medievalists.<ref>Jean Kerhervé, « L'histoire ou le roman ? », in ''Le Peuple breton'', n° 347, November 1992, pp. 6-8</ref> "The case for Gilles de Rais's innocence is very strong," Prouteau said, "no child's corpse was ever found at his castle at Tiffauges and he appears to have confessed to escape excommunication...the accusations appear to be false charges made up by powerful rival lords to benefit from the confiscation of his lands."<ref>http://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2013/jun/17/bluebeard-gilles-de-rais-france</ref> However, the journalist Gilbert Philippe from the newspaper ''Ouest-France'', said that Prouteau was being "facetious and provocative."<ref>Gilbert Philippe, [http://www.ouest-france.fr/2012/08/03/vendee/L-ecrivain-Gilbert-Prouteau-s-est-eteint-a-95-ans-63350035.html « L'écrivain Gilbert Prouteau s'est éteint à 95 ans - Vendée »], in ''Ouest-France'', Friday August 2012.</ref> He also claimed that Prouteau thought the retrial was basically "an absolute joke."<ref>Jean de Raigniac, book review of Gilbert Prouteau's ''Roman de la Vendée'', in ''Lire en Vendée'', June–December 2010, [http://fr.slideshare.net/ecrivains-vendee/lire-envendeejuindecembre2010 pp.5]</ref>

==Cultural references==
[[File:Gilles de Rais murdering children.jpg|thumb|"Gilles de Laval, Lord of Rais, performs sorcery on his victims", an 1862 illustration by Jean Antoine Valentin Foulquier]]

===Books, graphic novels===
*The protagonist Durtal, from Huysmans's ''Là-bas'' (1891), conducts intensive research into Gilles de Rais which forms the basis of many of the chapters in the novel.
*Gilles de Rais is one of the antagonists in the manga Drifters.
*Gilles de Rais is one of the demon lords of Hell seeking to become regent in Lucifer's absence in the manga Devils and Realist.
*Gilles de Rais is the main of antagonists the manga Tetragrammaton Labyrinth. Angela, the protagonist of the manga, is revealed to be one of the young victims of Rais. Gilles de Rais ultimate goal is later revealed to be the revival of Jeanne d'Arc.
*"Classical Scenes of Farewell", a short story by Jim Shepard, is told from the point of view of one of Gilles de Rais' servants.
*Philip José Farmer's 1968 [[Speculative fiction|sf]] novel [[Image of the Beast (novel)|The Image of the Beast]] features a "she-creature who gives birth to the limbless, ectoplasmic simulacrum of satanic child killer Gilles de Rais."<ref>Philip José Farmer. ''The Image of the Beast''. Creation Oneiros, 2007. ISBN 1 902197-24-0</ref>
*In the science fiction novella "Rumfuddle" by [[Jack Vance]], the main character, Gilbert Duray, is revealed at the end of the story to actually be Gilles de Rais, one of several notorious historical figures taken from their own times to be "rehabilitated" in alternate worlds.
*Gilles de Rais is a central character in the comic series ''Jhen Roque'' by Jacques Martin and Jean Pleyers.  He appears at least in the following episodes 1-L’Or de la Mort, 2-Jehanne de France, 3-Les Ecorcheurs, 4-La Barbe Bleue, 5-La Cathedrale, 6-Le Lys et l’Ogre, 7-L’Alchimiste, 8-Le Secret des Templiers, 10-Les Sorcieres.<ref>Marie-Madeleine Castellani, « Les figures du Mal dans la bande dessinée Jhen », Cahiers de recherches médiévales [En ligne], 2 | 1996, mis en ligne le 04 février 2008, consulté le 28 décembre 2013. URL : http://crm.revues.org/2502 ; DOI : 10.4000/crm.2502</ref>  These books are published by Casterman.
*Gilles de Rais is a main character in the series "Joan of Arc Tapestries" by Ann Chamberlin. The first book, "The Merlin of St. Gille's Well" was published in 2000.
*Gilles de Rais's career with Joan of Arc and his subsequent decline and execution is a major plot point of [[H. Warner Munn]]'s 1974 fantasy novel Merlin's Ring.
*Gilles de Rais is the subject of a 1977 novel by Edward Lucie-Smith titled "The Dark Pageant".  The story is narrated by Raoul de Saumur, companion and comrade-in-arms to de Rais.
*Gilles de Rais makes a brief appearance in the 2012 novel, The Folly of the World, by Jesse Bullington.
*Gilles de Rais is defeated by the protagonist, Madison, of Chuck Palahniuk's 2011 novel [[Damned (Palahniuk novel)|Damned]].
*"Bluebeard Brave Warrior, Brutal Psychopath." Valerie Ogden. Palisades, New York. History Publishing Company
*Gilles de Rais (alternatively spelled de Raiz) is stated as a rare example of a true sinner by the sorcerer recluse Ambrose in Arthur Machen's short story The White People.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The House of Souls|last = Machen|first = Arthur|publisher = Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.|year = 1922|isbn = |location = US|pages = 118, 119|work = }}</ref>

===Film and television===
*Gilles de Rais is featured as one of the antagonists in the 2011 anime [[Fate/Zero]], in the class of Caster.
*David Oxley played the part in [[Otto Preminger]]'s 1957 film version of Shaw's play, ''Saint Joan''.
*The 1974 film ''El Mariscal del Infierno'' (''The Marshall from Hell'', also known as ''Devil's Possessed'') from director León Klimovsky is a fictionalized account of the occult life and downfall of Gilles de Rais. [[Paul Naschy]] plays the role of Gilles de Rais.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0071415/]</ref>
*In 1986, the Spanish director Agusti Villaronga directed the film ''Tras El Cristal'', with an original script based on the killings of Gilles de Rais.
*Vincent Cassel played the part in Luc Besson's ''The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc'' in 1999.
*Gilles de Rais was an alias given to "Ray" an openly gay support character in the 7th episode of the 4th season of the animated series Archer. His name was listed as such and the title of "Child-Murderer" in this episode titled ''Live and Let Dine''
*Gilles de Rais was featured as the main antagonist of the 2014 anime Rage of Bahamut: Genesis.
*Gilles de Rais is featured as a demon in the anime, manga, and video game [[Devils and Realist]].
*In the Nintendo 64 game Castlevania Giles DE Rais (also referred to as simply Dracula's Servant) is an immortal vampire and loyal follower of Dracula. He is one of the antagonists from Castlevania: Legacy of Darkness and Castlevania 64. In the latter, he disguises himself as Dracula in order to trick those who oppose his Master. He is loosely based on the character of the same name; a serial killer from the 15th century who had abducted and murdered several children before being hanged.

===Music===
*Macabre, (Technical/Death Metal band from Chicago) released a song about Gilles de Rais called "The Black Knight" from the 2011 Grim Scary Tales album.
*Cradle of Filth's album ''Godspeed on the Devil's Thunder'' is centered on the life of Gilles de Rais after Joan of Arc's burning.
*''La Passion de Gilles'', opera (French libretto), 1983, music: Philippe Boesmans, libretto: Pierre Mertens based on his 1982 play (same title).
*The Black Dahlia Murder's song "The Window" on their [[Ritual (The Black Dahlia Murder album)|Ritual]] album is based on Gilles de Rais, featuring lyrics such as "I sit upon their chests until they cease/Expressionless ejaculating whilst they die"
*Celtic Frost's debut album ''[[Morbid Tales]]'' had the song "Into the Crypt of Rays", a lyrical recounting of Rais' crimes and punishment.
*Brodequin's song "Gilles De Rais" from the album [[Festival of Death (album)|Festival of Death]] is also a lyrical recounting of Rais' crimes and execution.
*Ancient Rites' song "Morbid Glory (Gilles de Rais 1404&ndash;1440)" from the album "The Diabolical Serenades" is a lyrical recounting of Rais' crimes and execution.
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