Grey Wolves: Difference between revisions
imported>RebelliousWar1987 Created page with "thumb|173px|Logo of the Grey Wolves<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">The </span>'''Gre..." |
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<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">Under </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devlet_Bah%C3%A7eli Devlet Bahçeli]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, who assumed the leadership of MHP and Grey Wolves after Türkeş's death in 1997, the organization has been reformed.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> The organization has also been active in the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus Turkish-controlled portion]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> of Cyprus. It has affiliated branches in several Western European countries with significant Turkish populations, such as Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany. In Germany, they are the largest far-right organization with at least 10,000 members and are monitored by the authorities as an </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremism extremist]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> organization. According to a 2014 estimate, the Grey Wolves are supported by 3.6% of the Turkish electorate.</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">Under </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devlet_Bah%C3%A7eli Devlet Bahçeli]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, who assumed the leadership of MHP and Grey Wolves after Türkeş's death in 1997, the organization has been reformed.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> The organization has also been active in the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus Turkish-controlled portion]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> of Cyprus. It has affiliated branches in several Western European countries with significant Turkish populations, such as Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany. In Germany, they are the largest far-right organization with at least 10,000 members and are monitored by the authorities as an </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremism extremist]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> organization. According to a 2014 estimate, the Grey Wolves are supported by 3.6% of the Turkish electorate.</span> | ||
==Name and symbolism== | ==Name and symbolism== | ||
<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">The organization's members are known as </span>''Ülkücüler''<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, literally meaning "idealists".</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> Its informal name is inspired by the ancient legend of </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asena Asena]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, a she-wolf in the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergenekon Ergenekon]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">,</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> a </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_mythology myth]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> associated with </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples Turkic]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> ethnic origins in the Central Asian steppes.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> In Turkey, the wolf also symbolizes honor.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> The Grey Wolves have a "strong emphasis on leadership and hierarchical, military-like organisation."</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">The organization's members are known as </span>''Ülkücüler''<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, literally meaning "idealists".</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> Its informal name is inspired by the ancient legend of </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asena Asena]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, a she-wolf in the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergenekon Ergenekon]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">,</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> a </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_mythology myth]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> associated with </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples Turkic]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> ethnic origins in the Central Asian steppes.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> In Turkey, the wolf also symbolizes honor.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> The Grey Wolves have a "strong emphasis on leadership and hierarchical, military-like organisation."</span> | ||
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<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">The Grey Wolves also use what scholar Ahmet İnsel describes as "fascist slogans imported from America", such as "</span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_it_or_leave_it Love it or leave it]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">" (</span>''Ya Sev Ya Terk Et!''<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">) and "Communists to Moscow" (</span>''Komünistler Moskova'ya''<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">).</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">The Grey Wolves also use what scholar Ahmet İnsel describes as "fascist slogans imported from America", such as "</span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_it_or_leave_it Love it or leave it]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">" (</span>''Ya Sev Ya Terk Et!''<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">) and "Communists to Moscow" (</span>''Komünistler Moskova'ya''<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">).</span> | ||
==Ideology== | ==Ideology== | ||
<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">The Grey Wolves adhere to an extreme form of </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_nationalism Turkish nationalism]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">. It has been characterized as </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-fascism neo-fascist]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> by scholars,</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:11.2px;line-height:11.2px;white-space:nowrap;"> </span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">mainstream media,</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> and leftist sources.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._W._Apple_Jr. R. W. Apple Jr.]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, writing in the </span>''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times New York Times]''<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> in 1981, described MHP and its satellite groups as a "xenophobic, fanatically nationalist, neofascist network steeped in violence."</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> The organization's ideology emphasizes the early history of the Turkic states in </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia Central Asia]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> and blends it with </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam Islam]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">. Synthesis of Turkish identity and Islam is widely prevalent in their rhetoric and activities. One of their mottoes is "Your doctor will be a Turk and your medicine will be Islam."</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> Other sources have described it as secular.</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">The Grey Wolves adhere to an extreme form of </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_nationalism Turkish nationalism]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">. It has been characterized as </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-fascism neo-fascist]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> by scholars,</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:11.2px;line-height:11.2px;white-space:nowrap;"> </span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">mainstream media,</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> and leftist sources.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._W._Apple_Jr. R. W. Apple Jr.]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, writing in the </span>''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times New York Times]''<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> in 1981, described MHP and its satellite groups as a "xenophobic, fanatically nationalist, neofascist network steeped in violence."</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> The organization's ideology emphasizes the early history of the Turkic states in </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia Central Asia]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> and blends it with </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam Islam]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">. Synthesis of Turkish identity and Islam is widely prevalent in their rhetoric and activities. One of their mottoes is "Your doctor will be a Turk and your medicine will be Islam."</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> Other sources have described it as secular.</span> | ||
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<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">In its early days the Grey Wolves were staunchly anti-communist</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> and waged armed fighting against far-left groups in Turkey.</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">In its early days the Grey Wolves were staunchly anti-communist</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> and waged armed fighting against far-left groups in Turkey.</span> | ||
==Base== | ==Base== | ||
<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">According to sociologist Doğu Ergil</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, the Grey Wolves—"the militant youth wing of the Turkish ethnic nationalists that are dissatisfied with the inertia of the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) camp"—are supported by 3.6 percent of the Turkish electorate as of 2014.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:11.2px;line-height:11.2px;white-space:nowrap;"> </span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">According to analyst Ankarali Jan, the Grey Wolves have largely unofficial presence in Turkey's major universities, but their "real power is on the streets, among disaffected poor people in predominantly Turkish Sunni neighbourhoods."</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> One source claimed that the MHP and Grey Wolves "retain strong support within the military."</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">According to sociologist Doğu Ergil</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, the Grey Wolves—"the militant youth wing of the Turkish ethnic nationalists that are dissatisfied with the inertia of the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) camp"—are supported by 3.6 percent of the Turkish electorate as of 2014.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:11.2px;line-height:11.2px;white-space:nowrap;"> </span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">According to analyst Ankarali Jan, the Grey Wolves have largely unofficial presence in Turkey's major universities, but their "real power is on the streets, among disaffected poor people in predominantly Turkish Sunni neighbourhoods."</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> One source claimed that the MHP and Grey Wolves "retain strong support within the military."</span> | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">According to </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruben_Safrastyan Ruben Safrastyan]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, because the Grey Wolves are subtle and often formally operate as cultural and sports organizations, information about them is scarce.</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">According to </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruben_Safrastyan Ruben Safrastyan]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, because the Grey Wolves are subtle and often formally operate as cultural and sports organizations, information about them is scarce.</span> | ||
===Early history=== | ===Early history=== | ||
<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">The organization was formed by Colonel </span><span style="font-size:14px;line-height:17px;">[http://real-life-villains.wikia.com/wiki/Alparslan_T%C3%BCrke%C5%9F Alparslan Türkeş]</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> in the late 1960s as the paramilitary wing of the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_Movement_Party Nationalist Movement Party]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> (MHP). In 1968 over a hundred camps for ideological and paramilitary training were founded by Türkeş across Turkey.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> Canefe and Bora describe it as a </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots grassroots]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> fascist network, which had an active role in the economy, education, and neighborhoods.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> Nasuh Uslu characterized it as a well-disciplined paramilitary organization,</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> while Joshua D. Hendrick compared its organization to the Nazi </span>''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzstaffel Schutzstaffel]''<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> (SS).</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> Young males (mostly students and economic migrants) from rural areas who have settled in Istanbul and Ankara made up the majority of its members.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> In 1973 Israeli orientalist </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_M._Landau Jacob M. Landau]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> wrote that the importance of the Grey Wolves "is attested to by the fact that Türkeş himself assumed responsibility for the formation of these youth groups and assigned the supervision of their training to two of his close associates".</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">The organization was formed by Colonel </span><span style="font-size:14px;line-height:17px;">[http://real-life-villains.wikia.com/wiki/Alparslan_T%C3%BCrke%C5%9F Alparslan Türkeş]</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> in the late 1960s as the paramilitary wing of the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_Movement_Party Nationalist Movement Party]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> (MHP). In 1968 over a hundred camps for ideological and paramilitary training were founded by Türkeş across Turkey.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> Canefe and Bora describe it as a </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots grassroots]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> fascist network, which had an active role in the economy, education, and neighborhoods.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> Nasuh Uslu characterized it as a well-disciplined paramilitary organization,</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> while Joshua D. Hendrick compared its organization to the Nazi </span>''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzstaffel Schutzstaffel]''<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> (SS).</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> Young males (mostly students and economic migrants) from rural areas who have settled in Istanbul and Ankara made up the majority of its members.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> In 1973 Israeli orientalist </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_M._Landau Jacob M. Landau]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> wrote that the importance of the Grey Wolves "is attested to by the fact that Türkeş himself assumed responsibility for the formation of these youth groups and assigned the supervision of their training to two of his close associates".</span> | ||
===1970s violence and the coup of 1980=== | ===1970s violence and the coup of 1980=== | ||
<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">By the late 1970s the organizations had tens of thousands of members.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amberin_Zaman Amberin Zaman]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> wrote that Turkish authorities had lost control over it.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> Members of the Grey Wolves were involved in numerous assassinations of left-wing and liberal activists, intellectuals, labor organizers, ethnic Kurds, officials, journalists during the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_violence_in_Turkey_(1976%E2%80%9380) political violence between 1976 and 1980]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> During this period, the organization became a "</span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_squad death squad]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">"</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> engaged in "</span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_guerrilla_warfare street killings and gunbattles]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">".</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> According to authorities, 220 of its members carried out 694</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> murders of left-wing and liberal activists and intellectuals.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> In total, some 5,000 to 6,000 people were killed with the Grey Wolves committing most of it.</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">By the late 1970s the organizations had tens of thousands of members.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amberin_Zaman Amberin Zaman]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> wrote that Turkish authorities had lost control over it.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> Members of the Grey Wolves were involved in numerous assassinations of left-wing and liberal activists, intellectuals, labor organizers, ethnic Kurds, officials, journalists during the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_violence_in_Turkey_(1976%E2%80%9380) political violence between 1976 and 1980]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> During this period, the organization became a "</span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_squad death squad]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">"</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> engaged in "</span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_guerrilla_warfare street killings and gunbattles]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">".</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> According to authorities, 220 of its members carried out 694</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> murders of left-wing and liberal activists and intellectuals.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> In total, some 5,000 to 6,000 people were killed with the Grey Wolves committing most of it.</span> | ||
<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">Their most significant attack of this period was the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara%C5%9F_massacre Maraş massacre]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> in December 1978 when over 100 </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alevi Alevis]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> were killed.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> They are also "alleged to have been behind" the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksim_Square_massacre Taksim Square massacre]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> on May 1, 1977.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> The Grey Wolves became a "state-approved force" and used attacks on left-wing groups to "cause chaos and demoralization and inflame a climate in which a regime promising law and order would be welcomed by the masses."</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> During this violent period, Grey Wolves operated with the encouragement and the protection of the Turkish Army </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Warfare_Department Special Warfare Department]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> The conflict between left-wing and right-wing groups eventually resulted in a military intervention in September 1980 when General </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenan_Evren Kenan Evren]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> led a </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat coup d'état]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> According to </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniele_Ganser Daniele Ganser]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, at the time of the coup, there were some 1,700 Grey Wolves organizations, with about 200,000 registered members and a million sympathizers.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> Following the 1980 coup the Grey Wolves and MHP were banned. Their activism was diminished.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> The nationalist view was that they were "used and then discarded" by higher powers.</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">Their most significant attack of this period was the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara%C5%9F_massacre Maraş massacre]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> in December 1978 when over 100 </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alevi Alevis]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> were killed.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> They are also "alleged to have been behind" the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksim_Square_massacre Taksim Square massacre]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> on May 1, 1977.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> The Grey Wolves became a "state-approved force" and used attacks on left-wing groups to "cause chaos and demoralization and inflame a climate in which a regime promising law and order would be welcomed by the masses."</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> During this violent period, Grey Wolves operated with the encouragement and the protection of the Turkish Army </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Warfare_Department Special Warfare Department]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> The conflict between left-wing and right-wing groups eventually resulted in a military intervention in September 1980 when General </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenan_Evren Kenan Evren]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> led a </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat coup d'état]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> According to </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniele_Ganser Daniele Ganser]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, at the time of the coup, there were some 1,700 Grey Wolves organizations, with about 200,000 registered members and a million sympathizers.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> Following the 1980 coup the Grey Wolves and MHP were banned. Their activism was diminished.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> The nationalist view was that they were "used and then discarded" by higher powers.</span> | ||
===Links to the Turkish government and NATO=== | ===Links to the Turkish government and NATO=== | ||
<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">In the late 1970s, former military prosecutor and </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey Turkish Supreme Court]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> Justice Emin Değer documented collaboration between the Grey Wolves and </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-Guerrilla Counter-Guerrilla]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">—the Turkish </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay-behind stay-behind]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communist anti-communist]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> organization, part of </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO NATO]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> planning which was supposed to prepare networks for </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare guerrilla warfare]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> in case of a </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union Soviet]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> invasion—and the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency Central Intelligence Agency]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> (CIA). Martin Lee writes that the Counter-Guerrilla supplied weapons to the Grey Wolves,</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> while according to Tim Jacoby, the CIA overtly transferred guns and explosives to Grey Wolf units through an agent in the 1970s.</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">In the late 1970s, former military prosecutor and </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey Turkish Supreme Court]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> Justice Emin Değer documented collaboration between the Grey Wolves and </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-Guerrilla Counter-Guerrilla]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">—the Turkish </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay-behind stay-behind]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communist anti-communist]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> organization, part of </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO NATO]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> planning which was supposed to prepare networks for </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare guerrilla warfare]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> in case of a </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union Soviet]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> invasion—and the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency Central Intelligence Agency]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> (CIA). Martin Lee writes that the Counter-Guerrilla supplied weapons to the Grey Wolves,</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> while according to Tim Jacoby, the CIA overtly transferred guns and explosives to Grey Wolf units through an agent in the 1970s.</span> | ||
Line 50: | Line 36: | ||
<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">In the 2008 the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergenekon Ergenekon]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergenekon_trials trials]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> a court document revealed that the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization_(Turkey) National Intelligence Organization]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> (MİT) armed and funded Grey Wolves members to carry out political murders.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> They mostly targeted members of the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Secret_Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Armenia Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> (ASALA),</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> which attacked Turkish embassies abroad in retaliation of the</span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial_of_the_Armenian_Genocide denial of the Armenian Genocide]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">. The Turkish intelligence services also made use of the Grey Wolves in the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93PKK_conflict conflict against]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party Kurdistan Workers' Party]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> (PKK) by offering them amnesty in exchange.</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">In the 2008 the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergenekon Ergenekon]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergenekon_trials trials]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> a court document revealed that the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Intelligence_Organization_(Turkey) National Intelligence Organization]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> (MİT) armed and funded Grey Wolves members to carry out political murders.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> They mostly targeted members of the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Secret_Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Armenia Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> (ASALA),</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> which attacked Turkish embassies abroad in retaliation of the</span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial_of_the_Armenian_Genocide denial of the Armenian Genocide]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">. The Turkish intelligence services also made use of the Grey Wolves in the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93PKK_conflict conflict against]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party Kurdistan Workers' Party]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> (PKK) by offering them amnesty in exchange.</span> | ||
===After 1980=== | ===After 1980=== | ||
<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">After the 1980 coup the Grey Wolves reorganized and largely focused on the Kurdish issue, and rallied for the aggressive </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial_of_the_Armenian_Genocide denial of the Armenian Genocide]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> and support of the </span>''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_quo status quo]''<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> in Cyprus.</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">After the 1980 coup the Grey Wolves reorganized and largely focused on the Kurdish issue, and rallied for the aggressive </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial_of_the_Armenian_Genocide denial of the Armenian Genocide]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> and support of the </span>''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_quo status quo]''<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> in Cyprus.</span> | ||
====Kurdish-related==== | ====Kurdish-related==== | ||
<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">In the 1990s the Grey Wolves turned their focus on the Kurds and participated in the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93PKK_conflict conflict against the PKK]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> in southeastern Turkey.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> In 1999 </span>''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet_Daily_News Hürriyet Daily News]''<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> described the organization as "the staunchest opponent to the Kurdish cause in Turkey."</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">In the 1990s the Grey Wolves turned their focus on the Kurds and participated in the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93PKK_conflict conflict against the PKK]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> in southeastern Turkey.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> In 1999 </span>''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet_Daily_News Hürriyet Daily News]''<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> described the organization as "the staunchest opponent to the Kurdish cause in Turkey."</span> | ||
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<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">On September 7–8, 2015 Turkish nationalists, including Grey Wolves members, attacked 128 offices of the pro-Kurdish </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_(Turkey) Peoples' Democratic Party]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> (HDP) across Turkey in an apparent retaliation of </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_PKK_rebellion anti-government attacks]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> by the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party Kurdistan Workers' Party]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> (PKK).</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> Some have alleged that some of the attacks were carried out by </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey) AKP]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> members "masquerading as Grey Wolves"</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> or that the Grey Wolves have cooperated with AKP members in attacks on HDP offices and left-wingers suspected of sympathy for the Kurds.</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">On September 7–8, 2015 Turkish nationalists, including Grey Wolves members, attacked 128 offices of the pro-Kurdish </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_(Turkey) Peoples' Democratic Party]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> (HDP) across Turkey in an apparent retaliation of </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_PKK_rebellion anti-government attacks]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> by the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party Kurdistan Workers' Party]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> (PKK).</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> Some have alleged that some of the attacks were carried out by </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey) AKP]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> members "masquerading as Grey Wolves"</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> or that the Grey Wolves have cooperated with AKP members in attacks on HDP offices and left-wingers suspected of sympathy for the Kurds.</span> | ||
====Greece-related==== | ====Greece-related==== | ||
<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">On June 18, 1988 Kartal Demirağ, a senior</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> member of the Grey Wolves, made an assassination attempt at Prime Minister </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal Turgut Özal]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">'s life at the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherland_Party_(Turkey) Motherland Party]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> congress.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> Özal linked it to his visit to Greece, which had occurred three days earlier, saying that the attempt was carried out "by a group opposed to his efforts to improve </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek%E2%80%93Turkish_relations relations with Greece]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">."</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">On June 18, 1988 Kartal Demirağ, a senior</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> member of the Grey Wolves, made an assassination attempt at Prime Minister </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal Turgut Özal]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">'s life at the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherland_Party_(Turkey) Motherland Party]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> congress.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> Özal linked it to his visit to Greece, which had occurred three days earlier, saying that the attempt was carried out "by a group opposed to his efforts to improve </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek%E2%80%93Turkish_relations relations with Greece]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">."</span> | ||
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<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">The Grey Wolves routinely demonstrate outside the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> in </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fener Fener]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> (Phanar), Istanbul and burn the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople Patriarch]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> in </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effigy effigy]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> In October 2005 they staged a rally and proceeding to the gate they laid a black wreath, chanting "Patriarch Leave" and "Patriarchate to Greece", inaugurating the campaign for the collection of signatures to oust the Ecumenical Patriarchate from Istanbul.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> As of 2006 the Grey Wolves claimed to have collected more than 5 million signatures for the withdrawal of the Patriarch</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> and called on the Turkish government to have the patriarch deported to Greece.</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">The Grey Wolves routinely demonstrate outside the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> in </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fener Fener]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> (Phanar), Istanbul and burn the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople Patriarch]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> in </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effigy effigy]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> In October 2005 they staged a rally and proceeding to the gate they laid a black wreath, chanting "Patriarch Leave" and "Patriarchate to Greece", inaugurating the campaign for the collection of signatures to oust the Ecumenical Patriarchate from Istanbul.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> As of 2006 the Grey Wolves claimed to have collected more than 5 million signatures for the withdrawal of the Patriarch</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> and called on the Turkish government to have the patriarch deported to Greece.</span> | ||
====Armenian-related==== | ====Armenian-related==== | ||
<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">In January 2004 the Grey Wolves prevented the screening of </span>''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ararat_(film) Ararat]''<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, a film about the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Genocide Armenian Genocide]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, in Turkey.</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">In January 2004 the Grey Wolves prevented the screening of </span>''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ararat_(film) Ararat]''<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, a film about the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Genocide Armenian Genocide]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, in Turkey.</span> | ||
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<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">In June 2015, during the visit of the Armenian pianist </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigran_Hamasyan Tigran Hamasyan]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> to the medieval Armenian city of </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ani Ani]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> in Turkey the local Grey Wolves leader wondered aloud whether his followers should “go on an Armenian hunt.”</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">In June 2015, during the visit of the Armenian pianist </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigran_Hamasyan Tigran Hamasyan]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> to the medieval Armenian city of </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ani Ani]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> in Turkey the local Grey Wolves leader wondered aloud whether his followers should “go on an Armenian hunt.”</span> | ||
====Other==== | ====Other==== | ||
<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">According to </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Z%C3%BCrcher Zürcher]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> and Linden when in March 1995 Sunni radicals </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazi_Quarter_riots attacked Alevis]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> in Istanbul, the local police of Gazi quarter was "heavily infiltrated by Grey Wolves" and it was not until they were replaced by military units that peace was restored.</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">According to </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Z%C3%BCrcher Zürcher]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> and Linden when in March 1995 Sunni radicals </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazi_Quarter_riots attacked Alevis]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> in Istanbul, the local police of Gazi quarter was "heavily infiltrated by Grey Wolves" and it was not until they were replaced by military units that peace was restored.</span> | ||
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<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">On 21 November 2015 Grey Wolves protested </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> near Istanbul's Russian consulate, Ankara, and Adana. They accused Russia in slaughtering </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen Syrian Turkmens]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">.</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">On 21 November 2015 Grey Wolves protested </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> near Istanbul's Russian consulate, Ankara, and Adana. They accused Russia in slaughtering </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen Syrian Turkmens]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">.</span> | ||
==Outside of Turkey== | ==Outside of Turkey== | ||
<span style="font-size:16px;">Azerbaijan</span> | |||
<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;line-height:22.4px;">In Nagorno-Karabakh</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;line-height:22.4px;">In Nagorno-Karabakh</span> | ||
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<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">In March 1995, a </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Azerbaijani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt coup d'état attempt]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> against President </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev Heydar Aliyev]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">'s government was staged in Baku by Colonel </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovshan_Javadov Rovshan Javadov]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, Turkish far-right organizations (including the Grey Wolves), and the Azerbaijani opposition.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> According to </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_de_Waal Thomas de Waal]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, the "shadowy backers of this uprising were never identified but appear to have included rogue elements of the Turkish security establishment and members of the 'Gray Wolves' Bozkurt movement."</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> After the coup attempt Hamidov was jailed, while the Azerbaijani Supreme Court formally abolished the party due to its links to the Turkish Grey Wolves, which it considered to be a terrorist organization. Hamidov was freed by the amnesty granted by President </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev Ilham Aliyev]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">. In 2008 Hamidov retired from politics and as president of the party, which had been inactive since.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> According to a 2007 article by Mahammad Imanli and Shahin Nasrullayev the Grey Wolves no longer operate in Azerbaijan.</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">In March 1995, a </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_Azerbaijani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt coup d'état attempt]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> against President </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev Heydar Aliyev]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">'s government was staged in Baku by Colonel </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovshan_Javadov Rovshan Javadov]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, Turkish far-right organizations (including the Grey Wolves), and the Azerbaijani opposition.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> According to </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_de_Waal Thomas de Waal]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, the "shadowy backers of this uprising were never identified but appear to have included rogue elements of the Turkish security establishment and members of the 'Gray Wolves' Bozkurt movement."</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> After the coup attempt Hamidov was jailed, while the Azerbaijani Supreme Court formally abolished the party due to its links to the Turkish Grey Wolves, which it considered to be a terrorist organization. Hamidov was freed by the amnesty granted by President </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev Ilham Aliyev]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">. In 2008 Hamidov retired from politics and as president of the party, which had been inactive since.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> According to a 2007 article by Mahammad Imanli and Shahin Nasrullayev the Grey Wolves no longer operate in Azerbaijan.</span> | ||
===China (Xinjiang)=== | ===China (Xinjiang)=== | ||
<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">The Grey Wolves "set up training camps in </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia Central Asia]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> for youths from </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_languages Turkic language groups]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">" following the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union dissolution of the Soviet Union]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">. Failing to find support in post-Soviet Central Asian republics, they targeted the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghurs Uyghurs]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, mostly concentrated in western Chinese province of </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang Xinjiang]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">. They support the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement East Turkestan independence movement]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, which at times turns violent (such as during the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_2009_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_riots July 2009 Ürümqi riots]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">). In this scope, the Grey Wolves' European affiliates attacked Chinese tourists in the Netherlands.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:11.2px;line-height:11.2px;white-space:nowrap;"> </span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">According to a 2012 report by </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia_Analysis_Group South Asia Analysis Group]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, the Eastern Turkestan Grey Wolf Party (</span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_language Uyghur]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">: </span>''Shәrqiy Türkistan Bozkurt Partiyesi''<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">) is among the "major terrorist/extremist organisations of Xinjiang". The same report states that it "used to have some following in </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urumchi Urumchi]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">" and was "reportedly backed by teachers, students and other intellectuals."</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> The India-based </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Peace_and_Conflict_Studies Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> suggested in 2012 they are "highly limited in their reach and support base".</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> On the contrary, </span>''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Times China Times]''<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> reported in 2015 that the Grey Wolves "enjoy wide support from China's Uyghur population."</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">The Grey Wolves "set up training camps in </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia Central Asia]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> for youths from </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_languages Turkic language groups]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">" following the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union dissolution of the Soviet Union]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">. Failing to find support in post-Soviet Central Asian republics, they targeted the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghurs Uyghurs]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, mostly concentrated in western Chinese province of </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang Xinjiang]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">. They support the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement East Turkestan independence movement]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, which at times turns violent (such as during the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_2009_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_riots July 2009 Ürümqi riots]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">). In this scope, the Grey Wolves' European affiliates attacked Chinese tourists in the Netherlands.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:11.2px;line-height:11.2px;white-space:nowrap;"> </span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">According to a 2012 report by </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia_Analysis_Group South Asia Analysis Group]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, the Eastern Turkestan Grey Wolf Party (</span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_language Uyghur]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">: </span>''Shәrqiy Türkistan Bozkurt Partiyesi''<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">) is among the "major terrorist/extremist organisations of Xinjiang". The same report states that it "used to have some following in </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urumchi Urumchi]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">" and was "reportedly backed by teachers, students and other intellectuals."</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> The India-based </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Peace_and_Conflict_Studies Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> suggested in 2012 they are "highly limited in their reach and support base".</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> On the contrary, </span>''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Times China Times]''<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> reported in 2015 that the Grey Wolves "enjoy wide support from China's Uyghur population."</span> | ||
===Cyprus=== | ===Cyprus=== | ||
<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">Following the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus Turkish invasion of Cyprus]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> in 1974 the Grey Wolves "continued to play a role in radicalizing the dispute with Greek Cypriots by actively engaging in violence on the island."</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> They supported </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauf_Denkta%C5%9F Rauf Denktaş]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, the President of the unrecognized </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus Northern Cyprus]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> between 1983 and 2005, and were involved in state-sponsored terror of citizens, according to </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Anastasiou Harry Anastasiou]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> In July 1996, </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutlu_Adali Kutlu Adali]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, a Turkish Cypriot journalist who had criticized Denktaş and his policies, was killed by the Grey Wolves, according to some sources.</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">Following the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus Turkish invasion of Cyprus]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> in 1974 the Grey Wolves "continued to play a role in radicalizing the dispute with Greek Cypriots by actively engaging in violence on the island."</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> They supported </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauf_Denkta%C5%9F Rauf Denktaş]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, the President of the unrecognized </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus Northern Cyprus]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> between 1983 and 2005, and were involved in state-sponsored terror of citizens, according to </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Anastasiou Harry Anastasiou]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> In July 1996, </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutlu_Adali Kutlu Adali]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, a Turkish Cypriot journalist who had criticized Denktaş and his policies, was killed by the Grey Wolves, according to some sources.</span> | ||
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<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">In November 2013 a fight broke out between members of the Grey Wolves and Kurdish students at the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_East_University Near East University]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> in North Nicosia resulting in arrest of 23 persons. According to the newspaper </span>''Havadis''<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, "the cause of the fight was allegations by the Grey wolves' organization that some Kurdish students broke the windows of the Grey wolves organization’s building. Around 500 students went out on the streets holding clubs and rocks and the police asked for reinforcement in order to put them under control."</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">In November 2013 a fight broke out between members of the Grey Wolves and Kurdish students at the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_East_University Near East University]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> in North Nicosia resulting in arrest of 23 persons. According to the newspaper </span>''Havadis''<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, "the cause of the fight was allegations by the Grey wolves' organization that some Kurdish students broke the windows of the Grey wolves organization’s building. Around 500 students went out on the streets holding clubs and rocks and the police asked for reinforcement in order to put them under control."</span> | ||
===Russia=== | ===Russia=== | ||
<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">In November and December 2015 </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_Council_(Russia) Federation Council]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> member </span>[https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%81,_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 Andrey Klipash]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> and two </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation Communist Party]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> members of the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Duma State Duma]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> proposed outlawing the Grey Wolves in Russia.</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">In November and December 2015 </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_Council_(Russia) Federation Council]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> member </span>[https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%81,_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 Andrey Klipash]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> and two </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation Communist Party]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> members of the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Duma State Duma]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> proposed outlawing the Grey Wolves in Russia.</span> | ||
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<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">According to a report of the independent Russian online newspaper </span>''Svobodnaya Pressa''<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Tatars Crimean Tatar]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> nationalists "appear[ed] to have begun cooperating" with the Grey Wolves in December 2015.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> According to Russian state-run </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_(news_agency) Sputnik]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> news agency the Grey Wolves established a presence in southern </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine Ukraine]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, particularly </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kherson_Oblast Kherson Oblast]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">.</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">According to a report of the independent Russian online newspaper </span>''Svobodnaya Pressa''<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Tatars Crimean Tatar]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> nationalists "appear[ed] to have begun cooperating" with the Grey Wolves in December 2015.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> According to Russian state-run </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_(news_agency) Sputnik]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> news agency the Grey Wolves established a presence in southern </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine Ukraine]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, particularly </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kherson_Oblast Kherson Oblast]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">.</span> | ||
===Syria=== | ===Syria=== | ||
<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">Members of the Grey Wolves have fought in the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War Syrian Civil War]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, primarily in support of the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen Syrian Turkmen]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, whom they consider kinsmen. MHP and Grey Wolves have provided the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen_Assembly Syrian Turkmen Assembly]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> with relief aid and fighters.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> On 24 November 2015, Turkish Air Force F-16s </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown shot down]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> a Russian </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-24M Sukhoi Su-24M]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> bomber aircraft near the Syria–Turkey border. The pilot was </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacks_on_parachutists shot in mid-air parachuting toward land]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> by </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen Syrian Turkmen]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> rebels under </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen_Brigades Syrian Turkmen Brigades]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">. The Turkmen rebel group operated under the command of </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alparslan_Celik Alparslan Celik],<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> a Turkish national and a Grey Wolves member from </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F Elazığ]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">.</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">Members of the Grey Wolves have fought in the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War Syrian Civil War]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, primarily in support of the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen Syrian Turkmen]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, whom they consider kinsmen. MHP and Grey Wolves have provided the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen_Assembly Syrian Turkmen Assembly]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> with relief aid and fighters.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> On 24 November 2015, Turkish Air Force F-16s </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown shot down]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> a Russian </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-24M Sukhoi Su-24M]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> bomber aircraft near the Syria–Turkey border. The pilot was </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacks_on_parachutists shot in mid-air parachuting toward land]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> by </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen Syrian Turkmen]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> rebels under </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen_Brigades Syrian Turkmen Brigades]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">. The Turkmen rebel group operated under the command of </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alparslan_Celik Alparslan Celik],<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> a Turkish national and a Grey Wolves member from </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F Elazığ]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">.</span> | ||
<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">An Arabic news site picked up a document allegedly issued by the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Conquest Army of Conquest]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> which said that it conspired with the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party Turkistan Islamic Party]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> and Grey Wolves in the</span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Andrei_Karlov assassination of the Russian Ambassador to Turkey]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> and compared it to what </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_al-Halabi Suleiman al-Halabi]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> did </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Kl%C3%A9ber in his assassination]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> Russian news site TASS cited this in a news report.</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">An Arabic news site picked up a document allegedly issued by the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Conquest Army of Conquest]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> which said that it conspired with the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkistan_Islamic_Party Turkistan Islamic Party]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> and Grey Wolves in the</span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Andrei_Karlov assassination of the Russian Ambassador to Turkey]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> and compared it to what </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_al-Halabi Suleiman al-Halabi]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> did </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Kl%C3%A9ber in his assassination]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> Russian news site TASS cited this in a news report.</span> | ||
===Thailand=== | ===Thailand=== | ||
<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">The </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Bangkok_bombing 2015 Bangkok bombing]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> is suspected to have been carried out by the Grey Wolves due to Thailand's deportation of Uyghur terrorist suspects back to China instead of allowing them to travel to Turkey for asylum. A man with fake Turkish passports using the name Adem Karadag was arrested by the Thai police in connection to the bombing and bomb making materials found in his apartment.</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">The </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Bangkok_bombing 2015 Bangkok bombing]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> is suspected to have been carried out by the Grey Wolves due to Thailand's deportation of Uyghur terrorist suspects back to China instead of allowing them to travel to Turkey for asylum. A man with fake Turkish passports using the name Adem Karadag was arrested by the Thai police in connection to the bombing and bomb making materials found in his apartment.</span> | ||
===Western Europe=== | ===Western Europe=== | ||
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<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">According to </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Beli%C3%ABn Paul Beliën]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, the Grey Wolves are "said to have organised the anti-Kurdish riots and raids on Kurdish shops in Brussels in 1994 and 1998."</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">According to </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Beli%C3%ABn Paul Beliën]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, the Grey Wolves are "said to have organised the anti-Kurdish riots and raids on Kurdish shops in Brussels in 1994 and 1998."</span> | ||
====France==== | ====France==== | ||
<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">In May 1984 Grey Wolves leader </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%87atl%C4%B1 Abdullah Çatlı]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> carried out a </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfortville_Armenian_Genocide_Memorial_Bombings bombing]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> of an Armenian Genocide memorial in </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfortville Alfortville]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, a Paris suburb.</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">In May 1984 Grey Wolves leader </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%87atl%C4%B1 Abdullah Çatlı]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> carried out a </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfortville_Armenian_Genocide_Memorial_Bombings bombing]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> of an Armenian Genocide memorial in </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfortville Alfortville]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, a Paris suburb.</span> | ||
<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">According to </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_la_s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_int%C3%A9rieure Direction générale de la sécurité intérieure]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> members of the Grey Wolves partook in a January 21, 2012 demonstration in Paris against the adoption of the bill criminalizing the Armenian Genocide denial in France.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> According to journalist Jean Eckian, one of the "instigators" Yuzuf Zya Arpacik, had fought in the Karabakh War and against the US forces during the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%9311) post-invasion insurgency in Iraq]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">.</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">According to </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_la_s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_int%C3%A9rieure Direction générale de la sécurité intérieure]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> members of the Grey Wolves partook in a January 21, 2012 demonstration in Paris against the adoption of the bill criminalizing the Armenian Genocide denial in France.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> According to journalist Jean Eckian, one of the "instigators" Yuzuf Zya Arpacik, had fought in the Karabakh War and against the US forces during the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%9311) post-invasion insurgency in Iraq]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">.</span> | ||
====Germany==== | ====Germany==== | ||
<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">As a right-wing extremist group the Grey Wolves are monitored by the German authorities.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> According to </span>''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neues_Deutschland Neues Deutschland]''<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> the Grey Wolves are the largest far-right organization in Germany by membership as of 2013.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> A 2014 </span>''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel Der Spiegel]''<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> article estimated their membership to stand at no less than 10,000 people.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> Its members have actively engaged in attacks on</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> and clashes with</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds_in_Germany Kurds in Germany]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">.</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">As a right-wing extremist group the Grey Wolves are monitored by the German authorities.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> According to </span>''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neues_Deutschland Neues Deutschland]''<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> the Grey Wolves are the largest far-right organization in Germany by membership as of 2013.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> A 2014 </span>''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel Der Spiegel]''<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> article estimated their membership to stand at no less than 10,000 people.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> Its members have actively engaged in attacks on</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> and clashes with</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds_in_Germany Kurds in Germany]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">.</span> | ||
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<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">According to the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg Baden-Württemberg]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> State Government, there are 45 Grey Wolves clubs and associations in that state as of 2012. These associations are often given non-political names (usually cultural and athletic) to conceal their identity.</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">According to the </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg Baden-Württemberg]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> State Government, there are 45 Grey Wolves clubs and associations in that state as of 2012. These associations are often given non-political names (usually cultural and athletic) to conceal their identity.</span> | ||
====Netherlands==== | ====Netherlands==== | ||
<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">As early as 1979 the Dutch </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Council_for_Government_Policy Scientific Council for Government Policy]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> reported that clashes between the Grey Wolves and the Dutch-Turkish Workers Association (HTIB) occurred on </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day May Day]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> celebrations.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> Organizations such as Turkish Federation Netherlands (</span>''Turkse Federatie Nederland''<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, TFN)</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> and Turkish Islamic Federation (</span>''Turks Islamitische Federatie''<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">) have links to the Grey Wolves.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> According to Wangmo and Yazilitas, the Grey Wolves in the Netherlands have engaged in a variety of activities, ranging from criminal activities and nationalist propaganda to support of football (soccer) teams. The organization was more influential in the 1990s when many first-generation Turkish immigrants "maintained a deep interest in Turkish politics and who had a deeply felt Turkish identity."</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> Grey Wolves activists have participated—with varying successes—in the local politics of several Dutch municipalities.</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">As early as 1979 the Dutch </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Council_for_Government_Policy Scientific Council for Government Policy]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> reported that clashes between the Grey Wolves and the Dutch-Turkish Workers Association (HTIB) occurred on </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day May Day]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> celebrations.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> Organizations such as Turkish Federation Netherlands (</span>''Turkse Federatie Nederland''<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, TFN)</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> and Turkish Islamic Federation (</span>''Turks Islamitische Federatie''<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">) have links to the Grey Wolves.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> According to Wangmo and Yazilitas, the Grey Wolves in the Netherlands have engaged in a variety of activities, ranging from criminal activities and nationalist propaganda to support of football (soccer) teams. The organization was more influential in the 1990s when many first-generation Turkish immigrants "maintained a deep interest in Turkish politics and who had a deeply felt Turkish identity."</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> Grey Wolves activists have participated—with varying successes—in the local politics of several Dutch municipalities.</span> | ||
====Sweden==== | ====Sweden==== | ||
<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">On September 13, 2015 an explosion occurred at a Kurdish civil center in Stockholm, Sweden, following clashes between Turks, Kurds and anti-fascists at a rally organised by the Swedish Grey Wolves.</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">On September 13, 2015 an explosion occurred at a Kurdish civil center in Stockholm, Sweden, following clashes between Turks, Kurds and anti-fascists at a rally organised by the Swedish Grey Wolves.</span> | ||
====Vatican==== | ====Vatican==== | ||
<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">On May 13, 1981 </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmet_Ali_A%C4%9Fca Mehmet Ali Ağca]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, a Grey Wolves member, </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II_assassination_attempt attempted]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> on </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II Pope John Paul II]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">'s life in </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square St. Peter's Square]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">. The masterminds were not identified and the organization's role remains unclear. According to </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Pipes Daniel Pipes]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> and </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_Duran Khalid Duran]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> Grey Wolves appear to have been involved in the assassination attempt and write that Ağca "in his own confused way mixed Turkish nationalist sentiments with fundamentalist Islam."</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> However, Italian investigators could not establish his link to the Grey Wolves.</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">On May 13, 1981 </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmet_Ali_A%C4%9Fca Mehmet Ali Ağca]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, a Grey Wolves member, </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II_assassination_attempt attempted]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> on </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II Pope John Paul II]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">'s life in </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square St. Peter's Square]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">. The masterminds were not identified and the organization's role remains unclear. According to </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Pipes Daniel Pipes]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> and </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_Duran Khalid Duran]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> Grey Wolves appear to have been involved in the assassination attempt and write that Ağca "in his own confused way mixed Turkish nationalist sentiments with fundamentalist Islam."</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> However, Italian investigators could not establish his link to the Grey Wolves.</span> | ||
==Illegal drug trade alllegations== | ==Illegal drug trade alllegations== | ||
<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">Grey Wolves members and leaders have been involved in international drug trafficking since the 1980s.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> In the early 1980s U.S. anti-terrorism officials at the State Department reported that Türkeş is "widely believed to have been involved" in moving heroin from Turkey into Western Europe.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> According </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_E._Ambrose Stephen E. Ambrose]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, the leaders of Grey Wolves had built in the late 1980s an army by trading drugs for military equipment, ranging from assault helicopters to tanks. Drugs were transported to Italy, where organized crime processed them.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:11.2px;line-height:11.2px;white-space:nowrap;"> </span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">According to Peter Dale Scott, the author of the book </span>''American War Machine''<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, in 2010 there were drug producing and dealing groups that had clear ties with the Grey Wolves and its affiliated political party, MHP.</span> | <span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">Grey Wolves members and leaders have been involved in international drug trafficking since the 1980s.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> In the early 1980s U.S. anti-terrorism officials at the State Department reported that Türkeş is "widely believed to have been involved" in moving heroin from Turkey into Western Europe.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;"> According </span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_E._Ambrose Stephen E. Ambrose]<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, the leaders of Grey Wolves had built in the late 1980s an army by trading drugs for military equipment, ranging from assault helicopters to tanks. Drugs were transported to Italy, where organized crime processed them.</span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:11.2px;line-height:11.2px;white-space:nowrap;"> </span><span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">According to Peter Dale Scott, the author of the book </span>''American War Machine''<span style="color:rgb(37,37,37);font-family:sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:22.4px;">, in 2010 there were drug producing and dealing groups that had clear ties with the Grey Wolves and its affiliated political party, MHP.</span> | ||
==Sources== | ==Sources== | ||
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization) |