Editing Joaquín Guzmán Loera (section)

== Conflict with the Tijuana Cartel: 1989–1993 ==
When Félix Gallardo was arrested, the Tijuana corridor was handed over to the Arellano Félix brothers, Jesús Labra Áviles (''alias'' "El Chuy"), and Javier Caro Payán (''alias''
<nowiki> </nowiki>"El Doctor"), cousin of the former Guadalajara Cartel leader Rafael 
Caro Quintero. In fears of a coup, however, Caro Payán fled to Canada 
and was later arrested. Guzmán and the rest of the Sinaloa Cartel 
leaders consequently grew angry at the Arellano Félix clan about this.<sup>[58]</sup>
<nowiki> </nowiki>In 1989, Guzmán sent Armando López (alias "El Rayo"), one of his most 
trusted men, to speak with the Arellano Félix clan in Tijuana. Before he
<nowiki> </nowiki>had a chance to speak face-to-face with them, López was killed by Ramón Arellano Félix.
<nowiki> </nowiki>The corpse was disposed in the outskirts of the city and the Tijuana 
Cartel ordered a hit on the remaining members of the López family to 
prevent future reprisals.<sup>[59][60]</sup>
<nowiki> </nowiki>That same year, the Arellano Félix brothers sent the Venezuelan drug 
trafficker [[Enrique Rafael Clavel Moreno]] to infiltrate Palma's family and
<nowiki> </nowiki>seduce his wife Guadalupe Leija Serrano.<sup>[61]</sup> After convincing her to withdraw US$7 million from one of Palma's bank accounts in San Diego, California, Clavel beheaded her and sent her head to Palma in a box.<sup>[62]</sup> It was known as the first beheading linked to the drug trade in Mexico.<sup>[63]</sup> Two weeks later, Clavel killed Palma's children, Héctor (aged 5) and Nataly (aged 4), by throwing them off a bridge in Venezuela. Palma retaliated by sending his men to kill Clavel while he was in prison.<sup>[64]</sup> In 1991, Ramón killed another Sinaloa Cartel associate, Rigoberto Campos Salcido (''alias'' "El Rigo"), and prompted bigger conflicts with Guzmán.<sup>[59][60]</sup>
<nowiki> </nowiki>In early 1992, a Tijuana Cartel-affiliated and San Diego-based gang 
known as [[Calle Treinta]] kidnapped six of Guzmán’s men in Tijuana, 
tortured them to attain information, and then shot them in the back of 
their heads. Their bodies were dumped on the outskirts of the city. 
Shortly after the attack, a car bomb exploded outside one of Guzmán’s 
properties in Culiacán. No injuries were reported, but the drug lord 
became fully aware of the intended message.<sup>[65]</sup>

Guzmán and Palma struck back against the Arellano Félix brothers (Tijuana Cartel) with nine killings on 3 September 1992 in Iguala;<sup>[18][66]</sup>
<nowiki> </nowiki>among the dead were lawyers and family members of Félix Gallardo, who 
was also believed to have orchestrated the attack against Palma's 
family.<sup>[67]</sup>
<nowiki> </nowiki>Mexico's Attorney General formed a special unit to look into the 
killings, but the investigation was called off after the unit found that
<nowiki> </nowiki>Guzmán had paid off some of the top police officials in Mexico with $10
<nowiki> </nowiki>million, according to police reports and confessions of former police 
officers.<sup>[18]</sup>
<nowiki> </nowiki>In November 1992, gunmen of Arellano Félix attempted to kill Guzmán as 
he was traveling in a vehicle through the streets of Guadalajara. Ramón 
and at least four of his henchmen shot at the moving vehicle with AK-47
<nowiki> </nowiki>rifles, but the drug lord managed to escape unharmed. The attack forced
<nowiki> </nowiki>Guzmán to leave Guadalajara and live under a false name under fears of 
future attacks.<sup>[18][30]</sup>
<nowiki> </nowiki>He and Palma, however, responded to the assassination attempt in a 
similar fashion; several days later, on 8 November 1992, a large 
commando of the Sinaloa Cartel posing as policemen stormed the Christine
<nowiki> </nowiki>discothèque in Puerto Vallarta, spotted Ramón and Francisco Javier Arellano Félix,
<nowiki> </nowiki>and opened fire at them. The shooting lasted for at least eight 
minutes, and more than 1,000 rounds were fired by both Guzmán's and 
Arellano Félix's gunmen.<sup>[68]</sup>
<nowiki> </nowiki>Six people were killed in the shootout, but the Arellano Félix brothers
<nowiki> </nowiki>were in the restroom when the raid started and reportedly escaped 
through an air-conditioning duct before leaving the scene in one of 
their vehicles.<sup>[69][70]</sup>
<nowiki> </nowiki>On 9 and 10 December 1992, four alleged associates of Félix Gallardo 
were killed. The antagonism between Guzmán's Sinaloa Cartel and the 
Arellano Félix clan left several more dead and was accompanied by more 
violent events in the states of Baja California, Sonora, Sinaloa, 
Durango, Jalisco, Guerrero, Michoacán and Oaxaca.<sup>[71]</sup>

The war between both groups continued for six more months, yet none 
of their respective leaders was killed. In mid-1993, the Arellano Félix 
clan sent their top gunmen on a final mission to kill Guzmán in 
Guadalajara, where he moved around frequently to avoid any possible 
attacks. Having no success, the Tijuana Cartel hitmen decided to return 
to Baja California on 24 May 1993. As Francisco Javier was at the Guadalajara International Airport
<nowiki> </nowiki>booking his flight to Tijuana, informant tips notified him that Guzmán 
was at the airport parking lot awaiting a flight to Puerto Vallarta.<sup>[72]</sup>
<nowiki> </nowiki>Having spotted the white Mercury Grand Marquis car where Guzmán was 
thought to be hiding, about 20 gunmen of the Tijuana Cartel descended 
from their vehicles and opened fire at around 4:10 p.m. However, the 
drug lord was inside a green Buick sedan a short distance from the 
target. Inside the Mercury Grand Marquis was the Cardinal and Archbishop
<nowiki> </nowiki>of Guadalajara Juan Jesús Posadas Ocampo, who died at the scene from fourteen gunshot wounds.<sup>[73]</sup> Six other people, including the cardinal's chauffeur, were caught in the crossfire and killed.<sup>[74][75]</sup>
<nowiki> </nowiki>Amidst the shootout and confusion, Guzmán escaped and headed to one of 
his safe houses in Bugambilias, a neighborhood 20 minutes away from the 
airport.<sup>[72][76]</sup>

=== Exodus and arrest ===
The night the cardinal was killed, Mexican President Carlos Salinas de Gortari
<nowiki> </nowiki>flew to Guadalajara and condemned the attack, stating it was "a 
criminal act" that targeted innocent civilians, but he did not give any 
indications of the involvement of organized crime.<sup>[73]</sup>
<nowiki> </nowiki>The death of Cardinal Posadas Ocampo, a high-profile religious figure, 
outraged the Mexican public, the Catholic Church, and many politicians. 
The government responded by carrying out a massive manhunt to arrest the
<nowiki> </nowiki>people involved in the shootout, and offered about US$5 million 
bounties for each of them.<sup>[77]</sup>
<nowiki> </nowiki>Pictures of Guzmán's face, previously unknown to the public, started to
<nowiki> </nowiki>appear in newspapers and television across Mexico. Fearing his capture,
<nowiki> </nowiki>Guzmán fled to Tonalá, Jalisco, where he reportedly owned a ranch. The drug lord then fled to Mexico City and stayed at a hotel for about ten days.<sup>[76]</sup>
<nowiki> </nowiki>He met with one of his associates in an unknown location and handed him
<nowiki> </nowiki>US$200 million to provide for his family in case of his absence. He 
gave that same amount to another of his employees to make sure the 
Sinaloa Cartel ran its day-to-day activities smoothly in case he was 
gone for some time.<sup>[77]</sup>

After obtaining a passport with the fake name of Jorge Ramos Pérez, Guzmán was transported to the southern state of Chiapas by one of his trusted associates before leaving the country and settling in Guatemala on 4 June 1993.<sup>[77]</sup>
<nowiki> </nowiki>His plan was to move across Guatemala with his girlfriend María del 
Rocío del Villar Becerra and several of his bodyguards and settle in El Salvador.<sup>[76]</sup>
<nowiki> </nowiki>During his travel, Mexican and Guatemalan authorities had the drug lord
<nowiki> </nowiki>on their radar. Guzmán had bribed a Guatemalan military official with 
US$1.2 million in order to hide south of the Mexican border. The unnamed
<nowiki> </nowiki>official, however, passed down information about Guzmán's whereabouts 
to law enforcement.<sup>[78][79]</sup> On 9 June 1993, Guzmán was arrested by the Guatemalan Army at a hotel near Tapachula, close to the Guatemala–Mexico border.<sup>[80][81]</sup> He was extradited to Mexico two days later aboard a military airplane,<sup>[76][82][83]</sup> where he was immediately taken to the Federal Social Readaptation Center No. 1 (often referred to simply as "La Palma" or "Altiplano"), a maximum-security prison in Almoloya de Juárez, State of Mexico.<sup>[84]</sup>

==== First arrest: 1993 ====
Guzmán was captured for the first time in Guatemala on 9 June 1993,<sup>[18]</sup> extradited
<nowiki> </nowiki>to Mexico and sentenced to 20 years, nine months in prison on charges 
of drug trafficking, criminal association and bribery. He was jailed at 
Federal Social Readaptation Center No. 1, a maximum-security prison. On 
22 November 1995, he was transferred to the maximum security prison 
Federal Center for Social Rehabilitation No. 2 (also known as "Puente 
Grande") in Jalisco, after being convicted of three crimes: possession of firearms, drug trafficking and the murder of Cardinal Juan Jesús Posadas Ocampo
<nowiki> </nowiki>(the charge would later be dismissed by another judge). He had been 
tried and sentenced inside the federal prison on the outskirts of Almoloya de Juárez, Mexico State.<sup>[85]</sup>

While he was in prison, Guzmán's drug empire and cartel continued to 
operate unabated, run by his brother, [[Arturo Guzmán Loera]], known as ''El Pollo,''
<nowiki> </nowiki>with Guzmán himself still considered a major international drug 
trafficker by Mexico and the U.S. even while he was behind bars.<sup>[86]</sup>
<nowiki> </nowiki>Associates brought him suitcases of cash to bribe prison workers and 
allow the drug lord to maintain his opulent lifestyle even in prison, 
with prison guards acting like his servants.<sup>[87][88]</sup>
<nowiki> </nowiki>He met his longtime mistress and later Sinaloa associate, former police
<nowiki> </nowiki>officer Zulema Hernández, while in prison, where she was serving time 
for armed robbery.<sup>[89]</sup>
<nowiki> </nowiki>Hernández later controlled Sinaloa's expansion into Mexico City, but 
her body was found in a trunk, carved with multiple Zs, signifying [[Los Zetas]], Sinaloa's archrivals.<sup>[89]</sup>