Mafia: Difference between revisions

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~~[[File:Sicilian mafia 1901.jpg|thumb|300px|right]]~~

The Mafia also known as the Cosa Nostra is ~~a criminal~~ syndicate based in Italy that emerged in the mid-19th century in Sicily. It is a loose association of criminal groups that share a common organizational structure and code of conduct, and whose common enterprise is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protection_racket protection racketeering]. Each group, known as a "family", "clan", or "''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosca cosca]''", claims [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty sovereignty] over a territory in which it operates its [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racket_%28crime%29 rackets] – usually a town or village or a neighbourhood (''borgata'') of a larger city. Its members call themselves "men of honour", although the public often refers to them as "mafiosi".

The '''Mafia''', also known as the '''Italian Mafia''' or the '''Cosa Nostra''', is an [[organized crime]] syndicate based in Italy that emerged in the mid-19th century in Sicily. It is a loose association of criminal groups that share a common organizational structure and code of conduct, and whose common enterprise is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protection_racket protection racketeering]. Each group, known as a "family", "clan", or "''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosca cosca]''", claims [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty sovereignty] over a territory in which it operates its [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racket_%28crime%29 rackets] – usually a town or village or a neighbourhood (''borgata'') of a larger city. Its members call themselves "men of honour", although the public often refers to them as "mafiosi".

According to the classic definition, the Mafia is a criminal organization originating in Sicily.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-lupo1-1]However, the term "mafia" has become a generic term for any organized criminal network with similar structure, methods, and interests.

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As prime minister, he visited Sicily in May 1924 and passed through [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piana_dei_Greci Piana dei Greci] where he was received by the mayor, Mafia boss [[Francesco Cuccia]]. At some point Cuccia expressed surprise at Mussolini’s police escort and whispered in his ear: "You are with me, you are under my protection. What do you need all these cops for?" After Mussolini rejected Cuccia's offer of protection, Cuccia instructed the townsfolk to not attend Mussolini's speech. Mussolini felt humiliated and outraged.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-dickie152-36 [36]][http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-duggan451-37 [37]]

Cuccia’s careless remark has passed into history as the catalyst for Mussolini’s war on the Mafia. When Mussolini firmly established his power in January 1925, he appointed [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Mori Cesare Mori] as the Prefect of Palermo in October 1925 and granted him special powers to fight the Mafia.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-dickie152-36 [36]] Mori formed a small army of policemen, ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabinieri carabinieri]'' and militiamen, which went from town to town, rounding up suspects. To force suspects to surrender, they would take their families hostage, sell off their property,[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-38 [38]] or publicly slaughter their livestock.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-39 [39]] By 1928, over 11,000 suspects were arrested.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-40 [40]] Confessions were sometimes extracted through beatings and torture. Some mafiosi who had been on the losing end of Mafia feuds voluntarily cooperated with prosecutors,[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-lupo182-41 [41]] perhaps as a way of obtaining protection and revenge. Charges of Mafia association were typically leveled at poor peasants and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabelloto gabellotti] (farm leaseholders), but were avoided when dealing with major landowners.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-42 [42]] Many were tried ''en masse''. More than 1,200 were convicted and imprisoned,[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-FiveFamilies-45 [45]] and many others were internally exiled without trial.

Cuccia’s careless remark has passed into history as the catalyst for Mussolini’s war on the Mafia. When Mussolini firmly established his power in January 1925, he appointed [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Mori Cesare Mori] as the Prefect of Palermo in October 1925 and granted him special powers to fight the Mafia.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-dickie152-36 [36]] Mori formed a small army of policemen, ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabinieri carabinieri]'' and militiamen, which went from town to town, rounding up suspects. To force suspects to surrender, they would take their families hostage, sell off their property,[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-38 [38]] or publicly slaughter their livestock.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-39 [39]] By 1928, over 11,000 suspects were arrested.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-40 [40]] Confessions were sometimes extracted through beatings and [[torture]]. Some mafiosi who had been on the losing end of Mafia feuds voluntarily cooperated with prosecutors,[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-lupo182-41 [41]] perhaps as a way of obtaining protection and revenge. Charges of Mafia association were typically leveled at poor peasants and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabelloto gabellotti] (farm leaseholders), but were avoided when dealing with major landowners.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-42 [42]] Many were tried ''en masse''. More than 1,200 were convicted and imprisoned,[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-FiveFamilies-45 [45]] and many others were internally exiled without trial.

Mori's campaign ended in June 1929 when Mussolini recalled him to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome Rome]. Although he did not permanently crush the Mafia as the Fascist press proclaimed, his campaign was nonetheless very successful at suppressing it. As the Mafia informant [[Antonino Calderone]] reminisced: "The music changed. Mafiosi had a hard life. [...] After the war the mafia hardly existed anymore. The Sicilian Families had all been broken up."

Sicily's murder rate sharply declined.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-47 [47]] Landowners were able to raise the legal rents on their lands; sometimes as much as ten-thousandfold.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-lupo182-41 [41]] Many mafiosi fled to the United States. Among these were [[Carlo Gambino]] and [[Joseph Bonanno]], who would go on to become powerful Mafia bosses in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City New York City].

Sicily's [[murder]] rate sharply declined.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-47 [47]] Landowners were able to raise the legal rents on their lands; sometimes as much as ten-thousandfold.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-lupo182-41 [41]] Many mafiosi fled to the United States. Among these were [[Carlo Gambino]] and [[Joseph Bonanno]], who would go on to become powerful Mafia bosses in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City New York City].

===Post-Fascist revival===

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The Mafia retaliated violently. In 1988, they murdered a Palermo judge and his son; three years later a prosecutor and an anti-mafia businessman were also murdered. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore_Lima Salvatore Lima], a close political ally of the Mafia, was murdered for failing to reverse the convictions as promised. Falcone and Borsellino were killed by bombs in 1992. This led to a public outcry and a massive government crackdown, resulting in the arrest of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore_Riina Salvatore Riina] in January 1993. More and more defectors emerged. Many would pay a high price for their cooperation, usually through the murder of relatives. For example, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Marino_Mannoia Francesco Marino Mannoia's] mother, aunt and sister were murdered.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-dickie-76 [76]]

After Riina's arrest, the Mafia began a campaign of terrorism on the Italian mainland. Tourist spots such as the Via dei Georgofili in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence Florence], Via Palestro in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan Milan], and the Piazza [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Giovanni_in_Laterano San Giovanni in Laterano] and Via San Teodoro in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome Rome] were attacked, leaving 10 dead and 93 injured and causing severe damage to cultural heritage such as the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uffizi_Gallery Uffizi Gallery]. When the Catholic Church openly condemned the Mafia, two churches were bombed and an anti-Mafia priest shot dead in Rome.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-DickieCosaNostra416-77 [77]]

After Riina's arrest, the Mafia began a campaign of [[terrorism]] on the Italian mainland. Tourist spots such as the Via dei Georgofili in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence Florence], Via Palestro in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan Milan], and the Piazza [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Giovanni_in_Laterano San Giovanni in Laterano] and Via San Teodoro in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome Rome] were attacked, leaving 10 dead and 93 injured and causing severe damage to cultural heritage such as the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uffizi_Gallery Uffizi Gallery]. When the Catholic Church openly condemned the Mafia, two churches were bombed and an anti-Mafia priest shot dead in Rome.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-DickieCosaNostra416-77 [77]]

After Riina's capture, leadership of the Mafia was briefly held by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leoluca_Bagarella Leoluca Bagarella], then passed to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_Provenzano Bernardo Provenzano] when the former was himself captured in 1995.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-DickieCosaNostra427-78 [78]] Provenzano halted the campaign of violence and replaced it with a campaign of quietness known as ''pax mafiosa''.

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*[[Luciano Leggio]] (1925–1993), boss of the Corleone clan and instigator of the Second Mafia War

*[[Tommaso Buscetta]] (1928–2000), a mafioso who turned informant in 1984. Buscetta's evidence was used to great effect during the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxi-Trials Maxi-Trials].

*[[Salvatore Riina]] (~~born~~ 1930), also known as Totò Riina, emerged from the Second Mafia War as the "boss of bosses" until his arrest in 1993.

*[[Salvatore Riina]] (1930-2017), also known as Totò Riina, emerged from the Second Mafia War as the "boss of bosses" until his arrest in 1993.

*[[Bernardo Provenzano]] (~~born~~ 1933), successor of Riina as head of the [[Corleonesi]] faction and as such was considered one of the most powerful bosses of the Sicilian Mafia. Provenzano was a fugitive from justice since 1963. He was captured on 11 April 2006 in Sicily.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-topboss-162 [162]] Before capture, authorities had reportedly been "close" to capturing him for 10 years.

*[[Bernardo Provenzano]] (1933-2016), successor of Riina as head of the [[Corleonesi]] faction and as such was considered one of the most powerful bosses of the Sicilian Mafia. Provenzano was a fugitive from justice since 1963. He was captured on 11 April 2006 in Sicily.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-topboss-162 [162]] Before capture, authorities had reportedly been "close" to capturing him for 10 years.

*[[Stefano Bontade ]](1939–1981), boss of the Santa Maria di Gesù clan. His murder by the [[Corleonesi]] in 1981 inaugurated the Second Mafia War.

*[[Leoluca Bagarella]] (born 1941), member of the Mafia Family in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corleone Corleone] arrested in 1995

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[[Category:Organizations]]

[[Category:Criminals]]

~~[[Category:Mass Murderer]]~~

~~[[Category:Outlaw]]~~

[[Category:Evil vs Evil]]

~~[[Category:Cowards]]~~

[[Category:Vandals]]

~~[[Category:Gunman]]~~

[[Category:Drug Dealers]]

[[Category:Gangsters]]

[[Category:Early Modern Villains]]

[[Category:Murderer]]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[File:Sicilian mafia 1901.jpg|thumb|300px|right]]
-The Mafia also known as the Cosa Nostra is a criminal syndicate based in Italy that emerged in the mid-19th century in Sicily. It is a loose association of criminal groups that share a common organizational structure and code of conduct, and whose common enterprise is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protection_racket protection racketeering]. Each group, known as a "family", "clan", or "''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosca cosca]''", claims [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty sovereignty] over a territory in which it operates its [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racket_%28crime%29 rackets] – usually a town or village or a neighbourhood (''borgata'') of a larger city. Its members call themselves "men of honour", although the public often refers to them as "mafiosi".
+The '''Mafia''', also known as the '''Italian Mafia''' or the '''Cosa Nostra''', is an [[organized crime]] syndicate based in Italy that emerged in the mid-19th century in Sicily. It is a loose association of criminal groups that share a common organizational structure and code of conduct, and whose common enterprise is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protection_racket protection racketeering]. Each group, known as a "family", "clan", or "''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosca cosca]''", claims [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty sovereignty] over a territory in which it operates its [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racket_%28crime%29 rackets] – usually a town or village or a neighbourhood (''borgata'') of a larger city. Its members call themselves "men of honour", although the public often refers to them as "mafiosi".
 According to the classic definition, the Mafia is a criminal organization originating in Sicily.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lupo1_1-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-lupo1-1]</sup>However, the term "mafia" has become a generic term for any organized criminal network with similar structure, methods, and interests.
@@ Line 31: / Line 31: @@
 As prime minister, he visited Sicily in May 1924 and passed through [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piana_dei_Greci Piana dei Greci] where he was received by the mayor, Mafia boss [[Francesco Cuccia]]. At some point Cuccia expressed surprise at Mussolini’s police escort and whispered in his ear: "You are with me, you are under my protection. What do you need all these cops for?" After Mussolini rejected Cuccia's offer of protection, Cuccia instructed the townsfolk to not attend Mussolini's speech. Mussolini felt humiliated and outraged.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dickie152_36-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-dickie152-36 [36]]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-duggan451_37-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-duggan451-37 [37]]</sup>
-Cuccia’s careless remark has passed into history as the catalyst for Mussolini’s war on the Mafia. When Mussolini firmly established his power in January 1925, he appointed [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Mori Cesare Mori] as the Prefect of Palermo in October 1925 and granted him special powers to fight the Mafia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dickie152_36-1">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-dickie152-36 [36]]</sup> Mori formed a small army of policemen, ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabinieri carabinieri]'' and militiamen, which went from town to town, rounding up suspects. To force suspects to surrender, they would take their families hostage, sell off their property,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-38 [38]]</sup> or publicly slaughter their livestock.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-39 [39]]</sup> By 1928, over 11,000 suspects were arrested.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-40 [40]]</sup> Confessions were sometimes extracted through beatings and torture. Some mafiosi who had been on the losing end of Mafia feuds voluntarily cooperated with prosecutors,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lupo182_41-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-lupo182-41 [41]]</sup> perhaps as a way of obtaining protection and revenge. Charges of Mafia association were typically leveled at poor peasants and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabelloto gabellotti] (farm leaseholders), but were avoided when dealing with major landowners.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-42 [42]]</sup> Many were tried ''en masse''.<sup> </sup>More than 1,200 were convicted and imprisoned,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FiveFamilies_45-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-FiveFamilies-45 [45]]</sup> and many others were internally exiled without trial.
+Cuccia’s careless remark has passed into history as the catalyst for Mussolini’s war on the Mafia. When Mussolini firmly established his power in January 1925, he appointed [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Mori Cesare Mori] as the Prefect of Palermo in October 1925 and granted him special powers to fight the Mafia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dickie152_36-1">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-dickie152-36 [36]]</sup> Mori formed a small army of policemen, ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabinieri carabinieri]'' and militiamen, which went from town to town, rounding up suspects. To force suspects to surrender, they would take their families hostage, sell off their property,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-38 [38]]</sup> or publicly slaughter their livestock.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-39 [39]]</sup> By 1928, over 11,000 suspects were arrested.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-40 [40]]</sup> Confessions were sometimes extracted through beatings and [[torture]]. Some mafiosi who had been on the losing end of Mafia feuds voluntarily cooperated with prosecutors,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lupo182_41-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-lupo182-41 [41]]</sup> perhaps as a way of obtaining protection and revenge. Charges of Mafia association were typically leveled at poor peasants and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabelloto gabellotti] (farm leaseholders), but were avoided when dealing with major landowners.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-42 [42]]</sup> Many were tried ''en masse''.<sup> </sup>More than 1,200 were convicted and imprisoned,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FiveFamilies_45-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-FiveFamilies-45 [45]]</sup> and many others were internally exiled without trial.
 Mori's campaign ended in June 1929 when Mussolini recalled him to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome Rome]. Although he did not permanently crush the Mafia as the Fascist press proclaimed, his campaign was nonetheless very successful at suppressing it. As the Mafia informant [[Antonino Calderone]] reminisced: "The music changed. Mafiosi had a hard life. [...] After the war the mafia hardly existed anymore. The Sicilian Families had all been broken up."
-Sicily's murder rate sharply declined.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-47 [47]]</sup> Landowners were able to raise the legal rents on their lands; sometimes as much as ten-thousandfold.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lupo182_41-1">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-lupo182-41 [41]]</sup> Many mafiosi fled to the United States. Among these were [[Carlo Gambino]] and [[Joseph Bonanno]], who would go on to become powerful Mafia bosses in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City New York City].
+Sicily's [[murder]] rate sharply declined.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-47 [47]]</sup> Landowners were able to raise the legal rents on their lands; sometimes as much as ten-thousandfold.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lupo182_41-1">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-lupo182-41 [41]]</sup> Many mafiosi fled to the United States. Among these were [[Carlo Gambino]] and [[Joseph Bonanno]], who would go on to become powerful Mafia bosses in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City New York City].
 ===Post-Fascist revival===
@@ Line 75: / Line 75: @@
 The Mafia retaliated violently. In 1988, they murdered a Palermo judge and his son; three years later a prosecutor and an anti-mafia businessman were also murdered. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore_Lima Salvatore Lima], a close political ally of the Mafia, was murdered for failing to reverse the convictions as promised. Falcone and Borsellino were killed by bombs in 1992. This led to a public outcry and a massive government crackdown, resulting in the arrest of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore_Riina Salvatore Riina] in January 1993. More and more defectors emerged. Many would pay a high price for their cooperation, usually through the murder of relatives. For example, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Marino_Mannoia Francesco Marino Mannoia's] mother, aunt and sister were murdered.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dickie_76-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-dickie-76 [76]]</sup>
-After Riina's arrest, the Mafia began a campaign of terrorism on the Italian mainland. Tourist spots such as the Via dei Georgofili in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence Florence], Via Palestro in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan Milan], and the Piazza [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Giovanni_in_Laterano San Giovanni in Laterano] and Via San Teodoro in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome Rome] were attacked, leaving 10 dead and 93 injured and causing severe damage to cultural heritage such as the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uffizi_Gallery Uffizi Gallery]. When the Catholic Church openly condemned the Mafia, two churches were bombed and an anti-Mafia priest shot dead in Rome.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DickieCosaNostra416_77-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-DickieCosaNostra416-77 [77]]</sup>
+After Riina's arrest, the Mafia began a campaign of [[terrorism]] on the Italian mainland. Tourist spots such as the Via dei Georgofili in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence Florence], Via Palestro in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan Milan], and the Piazza [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Giovanni_in_Laterano San Giovanni in Laterano] and Via San Teodoro in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome Rome] were attacked, leaving 10 dead and 93 injured and causing severe damage to cultural heritage such as the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uffizi_Gallery Uffizi Gallery]. When the Catholic Church openly condemned the Mafia, two churches were bombed and an anti-Mafia priest shot dead in Rome.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DickieCosaNostra416_77-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-DickieCosaNostra416-77 [77]]</sup>
 After Riina's capture, leadership of the Mafia was briefly held by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leoluca_Bagarella Leoluca Bagarella], then passed to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_Provenzano Bernardo Provenzano] when the former was himself captured in 1995.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DickieCosaNostra427_78-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-DickieCosaNostra427-78 [78]]</sup> Provenzano halted the campaign of violence and replaced it with a campaign of quietness known as ''pax mafiosa''.
@@ Line 237: / Line 237: @@
 *[[Luciano Leggio]] (1925–1993), boss of the Corleone clan and instigator of the Second Mafia War
 *[[Tommaso Buscetta]] (1928–2000), a mafioso who turned informant in 1984. Buscetta's evidence was used to great effect during the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxi-Trials Maxi-Trials].
-*[[Salvatore Riina]] (born 1930), also known as Totò Riina, emerged from the Second Mafia War as the "boss of bosses" until his arrest in 1993.
+*[[Salvatore Riina]] (1930-2017), also known as Totò Riina, emerged from the Second Mafia War as the "boss of bosses" until his arrest in 1993.
-*[[Bernardo Provenzano]] (born 1933), successor of Riina as head of the [[Corleonesi]] faction and as such was considered one of the most powerful bosses of the Sicilian Mafia. Provenzano was a fugitive from justice since 1963. He was captured on 11 April 2006 in Sicily.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-topboss_162-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-topboss-162 [162]]</sup> Before capture, authorities had reportedly been "close" to capturing him for 10 years.
+*[[Bernardo Provenzano]] (1933-2016), successor of Riina as head of the [[Corleonesi]] faction and as such was considered one of the most powerful bosses of the Sicilian Mafia. Provenzano was a fugitive from justice since 1963. He was captured on 11 April 2006 in Sicily.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-topboss_162-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia#cite_note-topboss-162 [162]]</sup> Before capture, authorities had reportedly been "close" to capturing him for 10 years.
 *[[Stefano Bontade ]](1939–1981), boss of the Santa Maria di Gesù clan. His murder by the [[Corleonesi]] in 1981 inaugurated the Second Mafia War.
 *[[Leoluca Bagarella]] (born 1941), member of the Mafia Family in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corleone Corleone] arrested in 1995
@@ Line 393: / Line 393: @@
 [[Category:Organizations]]
 [[Category:Criminals]]
-[[Category:Mass Murderer]]
-[[Category:Outlaw]]
 [[Category:Evil vs Evil]]
-[[Category:Cowards]]
 [[Category:Vandals]]
-[[Category:Gunman]]
 [[Category:Drug Dealers]]
 [[Category:Gangsters]]
+[[Category:Early Modern Villains]]
+[[Category:Murderer]]