Editing Nicholas II
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'''Nicholas II of Russia''' (Russian: Николай II Алекса́ндрович, tr. Nikolay II Aleksandrovich; May 18<sup>th</sup>, 1868 – July 17<sup>th</sup>, 1918) known as '''Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearer''' in the Russian Orthodox Church, was the last Emperor of Russia, ruling from 1 November 1894 until his forced abdication on 15 March 1917. His reign saw the fall of the Russian Empire from one of the foremost great powers of the world to economic and military collapse. He was given the nickname '''Nicholas the Bloody''' or '''Vile Nicholas''' by his political adversaries due to the Khodynka Tragedy, [[Anti-Semitism|anti-Semitic]] [[pogrom]]s, Bloody Sunday, the violent suppression of the 1905 Russian Revolution, the execution of political opponents, and his perceived responsibility for the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905). Soviet historians portrayed Nicholas as a weak and incompetent leader whose decisions led to military defeats and the deaths of millions of his subjects. | '''Nicholas II of Russia''' (Russian: Николай II Алекса́ндрович, tr. Nikolay II Aleksandrovich; May 18<sup>th</sup>, 1868 – July 17<sup>th</sup>, 1918) known as '''Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearer''' in the Russian Orthodox Church, was the last Emperor of Russia, ruling from 1 November 1894 until his forced abdication on 15 March 1917. His reign saw the fall of the Russian Empire from one of the foremost great powers of the world to economic and military collapse. He was given the nickname '''Nicholas the Bloody''' or '''Vile Nicholas''' by his political adversaries due to the Khodynka Tragedy, [[Anti-Semitism|anti-Semitic]] [[pogrom]]s, Bloody Sunday, the violent suppression of the 1905 Russian Revolution, the execution of political opponents, and his perceived responsibility for the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905). Soviet historians portrayed Nicholas as a weak and incompetent leader whose decisions led to military defeats and the deaths of millions of his subjects. | ||
==Biography== | ==Biography== | ||
Nicholas was born in the Alexander Palace in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, the eldest child of Emperor | Nicholas was born in the Alexander Palace in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, the eldest child of Emperor Alexander III and Empress Maria Feodorovna of Russia (née Princess Dagmar of Denmark). He had five younger siblings: Alexander (1869–1870), George (1871–1899), Xenia (1875–1960), Michael (1878–1918) and Olga (1882–1960). Nicholas often referred to his father nostalgically in letters after Alexander's death in 1894. He was also very close to his mother, as revealed in their published letters to each other. | ||
On 1 March 1881, following the assassination of his grandfather, Tsar Alexander II, Nicholas became heir apparent upon his father's ascension as Alexander III. Nicholas and his other family members bore witness to Alexander II's death, having been present at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg, where he was brought after the attack. For security reasons, the new Tsar and his family relocated their primary residence to the Gatchina Palace outside the city, only entering the capital for various ceremonial functions. On such occasions, Alexander III and his family occupied the nearby Anichkov Palace. | On 1 March 1881, following the assassination of his grandfather, Tsar Alexander II, Nicholas became heir apparent upon his father's ascension as Alexander III. Nicholas and his other family members bore witness to Alexander II's death, having been present at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg, where he was brought after the attack. For security reasons, the new Tsar and his family relocated their primary residence to the Gatchina Palace outside the city, only entering the capital for various ceremonial functions. On such occasions, Alexander III and his family occupied the nearby Anichkov Palace. | ||