Editing Russian Mafia
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The '''Russian mafia''' ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language Russian]: русская мафия; ''russkaya mafiya'') is a term used to refer to the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective collective] of various organized [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_syndicates crime syndicates] originating in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union former Soviet Union]. Although not a singular criminal organization, most of the individual groups share similar goals and organizational structures that define them as part of the loose overall association. They are also referred to as '''''Bratva''''' ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language Russian]: Братва, "brotherhood"), '''''Organizatsiya''''' ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language Russian]: Организация, "the organization"), or the '''Red Mafia''' ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language Russian]: Красная мафия, ''Krasnaya mafiya'').<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-tvtropes_1-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-tvtropes-1 [1]]</sup> | |||
Organized crime in Russia began in its imperial period of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar Tsars], but it wasn't until the Soviet era that ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thief_in_law vory v zakone]'' ("thieves-in-law") emerged as leaders of prison groups in ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag gulags]'' (Soviet prison labor camps), and their [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_code honor code] became more defined. After [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II World War II], the death of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin Joseph Stalin], and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union fall of the Soviet Union], more gangs emerged in a flourishing [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_market black market], exploiting the unstable governments of the former Republics, and at its highest point, even controlling as much as two-thirds of the Russian economy. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Freeh Louis Freeh], former director of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI FBI], had once said the Russian mafia posed the greatest threat to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_of_the_United_States U.S. national security] in the mid-1990s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Freeh_2-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-Freeh-2 [2]]</sup> | |||
Organized crime in Russia began in its imperial period of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar Tsars], but it wasn't until the Soviet era that ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thief_in_law vory v zakone]'' ("thieves-in-law") emerged as leaders of prison groups in ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag gulags]'' (Soviet prison labor camps), and their [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_code honor code] [ | |||
In modern times, there are as many as 6,000 different groups, with more than 200 of them having a global reach. Criminals of these various groups are either former prison members, corrupt Communist officials and business leaders, people with ethnic ties, or people from the same region with shared criminal experiences and leaders.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mallory_3-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-Mallory-3 [3]]</sup> However, the existence of such groups has been debatable. In December 2009, Timur Lakhonin, the head of the Russian National Central Bureau of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpol Interpol], stated, "Certainly, there is crime involving our former compatriots abroad, but there is no data suggesting that an organized structure of criminal groups comprising former Russians exists abroad",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lakhonin_4-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-Lakhonin-4 [4]]</sup> while in August 2010, Alain Bauer, a French criminologist, said that it "is one of the best structured criminal organizations in Europe, with a quasi-military operation."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bauer_5-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-Bauer-5 [5]]</sup> | In modern times, there are as many as 6,000 different groups, with more than 200 of them having a global reach. Criminals of these various groups are either former prison members, corrupt Communist officials and business leaders, people with ethnic ties, or people from the same region with shared criminal experiences and leaders.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mallory_3-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-Mallory-3 [3]]</sup> However, the existence of such groups has been debatable. In December 2009, Timur Lakhonin, the head of the Russian National Central Bureau of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpol Interpol], stated, "Certainly, there is crime involving our former compatriots abroad, but there is no data suggesting that an organized structure of criminal groups comprising former Russians exists abroad",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lakhonin_4-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-Lakhonin-4 [4]]</sup> while in August 2010, Alain Bauer, a French criminologist, said that it "is one of the best structured criminal organizations in Europe, with a quasi-military operation."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bauer_5-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-Bauer-5 [5]]</sup> | ||
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==History== | ==History== | ||
===Origins=== | ===Origins=== | ||
The Russian mafia can be traced back to Russia's [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire imperial period], which began in the 1700s, in the form of banditry and thievery. Most of the population were [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants peasants] in poverty at the time, and criminals who stole from government entities and divided profits among the people earned [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood Robin Hood]-like status, being viewed as protectors of the poor and becoming [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_heroes folk heroes]. In time, the ''Vorovski Mir'' (Thieves' World) emerged as these criminals grouped and started their own code of conduct that was based on strict loyalty with one another and opposition against the government. When the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik_Revolution Bolshevik Revolution] came around in 1917, the Thieves' World was alive and active. [ | The Russian mafia can be traced back to Russia's [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire imperial period], which began in the 1700s, in the form of banditry and thievery. Most of the population were [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants peasants] in poverty at the time, and criminals who stole from government entities and divided profits among the people earned [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood Robin Hood]-like status, being viewed as protectors of the poor and becoming [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_heroes folk heroes]. In time, the ''Vorovski Mir'' (Thieves' World) emerged as these criminals grouped and started their own code of conduct that was based on strict loyalty with one another and opposition against the government. When the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevik_Revolution Bolshevik Revolution] came around in 1917, the Thieves' World was alive and active. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin Vladimir Lenin] attempted to wipe them out after being robbed by a gang of highwaymen, but the criminals survived onto [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin Joseph Stalin]'s reign.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-history_channel_6-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-history_channel-6 [6]]</sup> | ||
===1917–1991: Soviet era=== | ===1917–1991: Soviet era=== | ||
When Stalin seized power after the death of Lenin, he sought to crush the Thieves' World, ordering the execution of thousands of not only criminals, but also political opponents.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed citation needed]'']</sup> Millions of others were sent to ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag gulags]'' (Soviet labor camps), where powerful criminals worked their way up to become ''vory v zakone'' ("thieves-in-law"). These criminal elite often conveyed their status through complicated tattoos, an act that is still used today by Russian mobsters.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-history_channel_6-1">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-history_channel-6 [6]]</sup> | When Stalin seized power after the death of Lenin, he sought to crush the Thieves' World, ordering the execution of thousands of not only criminals, but also political opponents.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed citation needed]'']</sup> Millions of others were sent to ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag gulags]'' (Soviet labor camps), where powerful criminals worked their way up to become ''vory v zakone'' ("thieves-in-law"). These criminal elite often conveyed their status through complicated tattoos, an act that is still used today by Russian mobsters.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-history_channel_6-1">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-history_channel-6 [6]]</sup> | ||
After [ | After [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler Hitler]'s [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa invasion of the Soviet Union] during [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II World War II], Stalin was desperate for more men to fight for the nation, offering prisoners freedom if they joined the army. Many flocked to help out in the war, but this act betrayed codes of the Thieves' World that one must not ally with the government. When the war was over, however, Stalin sent them back to prison.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed citation needed]'']</sup> Those who refused to fight in the war referred to the traitors as ''suki'' ("bitch"), and the latter landed at the bottom of the "hierarchy". Outcast, the ''suki'' separated from the others and formed their own groups and power bases by collaborating with prison officials, eventually gaining the luxury of comfortable positions. Bitterness between the groups erupted into a series of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitch_Wars Bitch Wars] from 1945 to 1953 with many killed every day. The prison officials encouraged the violence, seeing it as a way to rid the prisons of criminals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mallory_3-1">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-Mallory-3 [3]]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-history_channel_6-2">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-history_channel-6 [6]]</sup> | ||
After the death of Stalin, around eight million inmates were released from ''gulags''. Those that survived the imprisonment and Bitch Wars became a new breed of criminal, no longer bound to the laws of the old Thieves' World. They adopted an "every-man-for-himself" attitude that meant cooperating with the government if necessary. As corruption spread throughout the Soviet government, the criminal underworld began to flourish.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed citation needed]'']</sup> This corruption was common during the [ | After the death of Stalin, around eight million inmates were released from ''gulags''. Those that survived the imprisonment and Bitch Wars became a new breed of criminal, no longer bound to the laws of the old Thieves' World. They adopted an "every-man-for-himself" attitude that meant cooperating with the government if necessary. As corruption spread throughout the Soviet government, the criminal underworld began to flourish.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed citation needed]'']</sup> This corruption was common during the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezhnev_era Brezhnev era], and the ''nomenklatura'' (the power elite of the country, usually corrupt officials) ran the country along with criminal bosses.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed citation needed]'']</sup> In the 1970s, small illegal businesses sprang up throughout the country, with the government ignoring them, and the black market thrived.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed citation needed]'']</sup> Then, in the 1980s, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev Mikhail Gorbachev] loosened up restrictions on private businesses, allowing them to grow legally, but by then, the Soviet Union was already beginning to collapse.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mallory_3-2">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-Mallory-3 [3]]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-history_channel_6-3">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-history_channel-6 [6]]</sup> | ||
Also during the 1970s and 1980s, America expanded its immigration policies, allowing Soviet Jews and criminals to enter the country, with most settling in a southern [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn Brooklyn] area known as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Beach Brighton Beach] (sometimes nicknamed as "Little [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa Odessa]"). Here is where Russian organized crime began in America.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mallory_3-3">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-Mallory-3 [3]]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CBS_worldwide_7-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-CBS_worldwide-7 [7]]</sup> The earliest known case of Russian crime in the area was in the mid-1970s by the "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato_Bag_Gang Potato Bag Gang]," a group of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_artists con artists] disguised as merchants that told customers that they were selling antique gold [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubles rubles] for cheap, but in fact, gave them bags of potatoes when bought in thousands. By 1983, the head of Russian organized crime in Brighton Beach was [ | Also during the 1970s and 1980s, America expanded its immigration policies, allowing Soviet Jews and criminals to enter the country, with most settling in a southern [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn Brooklyn] area known as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Beach Brighton Beach] (sometimes nicknamed as "Little [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa Odessa]"). Here is where Russian organized crime began in America.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mallory_3-3">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-Mallory-3 [3]]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CBS_worldwide_7-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-CBS_worldwide-7 [7]]</sup> The earliest known case of Russian crime in the area was in the mid-1970s by the "[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato_Bag_Gang Potato Bag Gang]," a group of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_artists con artists] disguised as merchants that told customers that they were selling antique gold [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubles rubles] for cheap, but in fact, gave them bags of potatoes when bought in thousands. By 1983, the head of Russian organized crime in Brighton Beach was [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evsei_Agron Evsei Agron].<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-early_US_crime_8-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-early_US_crime-8 [8]]</sup> | ||
He was a prime target among other mobsters, including rival Boris Goldberg and his organization,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RICO_Act_9-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-RICO_Act-9 [9]]</sup> and in May 1985, Agron was assassinated. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Nayfeld Boris "Biba" Nayfeld], his bodyguard, moved on to employ under [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marat_Balagula Marat Balagula], who was believed to have succeeded Agron's authority. In the following year, Balagula fled the country after he was convicted in a fraud scheme of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrill_Lynch Merrill Lynch] customers, and was found in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt Frankfurt], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany West Germany] in 1989, where he was extradited back to the US and sentenced to eight years in prison.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-early_US_crime_8-1">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-early_US_crime-8 [8]]</sup> | He was a prime target among other mobsters, including rival Boris Goldberg and his organization,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-RICO_Act_9-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-RICO_Act-9 [9]]</sup> and in May 1985, Agron was assassinated. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Nayfeld Boris "Biba" Nayfeld], his bodyguard, moved on to employ under [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marat_Balagula Marat Balagula], who was believed to have succeeded Agron's authority. In the following year, Balagula fled the country after he was convicted in a fraud scheme of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrill_Lynch Merrill Lynch] customers, and was found in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt Frankfurt], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany West Germany] in 1989, where he was extradited back to the US and sentenced to eight years in prison.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-early_US_crime_8-1">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-early_US_crime-8 [8]]</sup> | ||
Balagula would later be convicted on a separate $360,000 credit card fraud in 1992.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-influx_of_gangsters_10-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-influx_of_gangsters-10 [10]]</sup> Nayfield took Balagula's place, partnering with the "Polish Al Capone", Ricardo Fanchiniin, in an import-export business and setting up a | Balagula would later be convicted on a separate $360,000 credit card fraud in 1992.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-influx_of_gangsters_10-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-influx_of_gangsters-10 [10]]</sup> Nayfield took Balagula's place, partnering with the "Polish Al Capone", Ricardo Fanchiniin, in an import-export business and setting up a heroin business.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ricardo_Fanchini_11-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-Ricardo_Fanchini-11 [11]]</sup> In 1990, his former friend, Monya Elson, back from a six-year prison sentence in Israel, returned to America and set up a rival heroin business, culminating in a Mafia turf war.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Elson_and_Nayfield_12-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-Elson_and_Nayfield-12 [12]]</sup> | ||
===1992–2000: Growth and internationalization=== | ===1992–2000: Growth and internationalization=== | ||
When the USSR collapsed and a free market economy emerged, organized criminal groups began to take over Russia's economy, with many ex-[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB KGB] soldiers and veterans of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_war_in_Afghanistan Afghan war] offering their skills to the crime bosses.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Freeh_2-1">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-Freeh-2 [2]]</sup> Gangster [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_%28meeting%29 summit meetings] had taken place in hotels and restaurants shortly before the Soviet's dissolution, so that top ''vory v zakone'' could agree on who would rule what, and set plans on how to take over the post-Communist state. It was agreed upon that [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyacheslav_Ivankov Vyacheslav "Yaponchik" Ivankov] would be sent to Brighton Beach in 1992, allegedly because he was killing too many people in Russia and also to take control of Russian organized crime in North America.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CBS_worldwide_7-1">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-CBS_worldwide-7 [7]]</sup> Within a year, he built an international operation that included, but not limited to, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcotics narcotics], [[Money laundering|money laundering]], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution prostitution] and made ties with the [[American Mafia]] and Colombian [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_cartels drug cartels], eventually extending to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami Miami], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles Los Angeles], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston Boston].<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-history_channel_6-4">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-history_channel-6 [6]]</sup> Those who went against him were usually killed. | When the USSR collapsed and a free market economy emerged, organized criminal groups began to take over Russia's economy, with many ex-[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB KGB] soldiers and veterans of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_war_in_Afghanistan Afghan war] offering their skills to the crime bosses.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Freeh_2-1">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-Freeh-2 [2]]</sup> Gangster [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_%28meeting%29 summit meetings] had taken place in hotels and restaurants shortly before the Soviet's dissolution, so that top ''vory v zakone'' could agree on who would rule what, and set plans on how to take over the post-Communist state. It was agreed upon that [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyacheslav_Ivankov Vyacheslav "Yaponchik" Ivankov] would be sent to Brighton Beach in 1992, allegedly because he was killing too many people in Russia and also to take control of Russian organized crime in North America.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CBS_worldwide_7-1">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-CBS_worldwide-7 [7]]</sup> Within a year, he built an international operation that included, but not limited to, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcotics narcotics], [[Money laundering|money laundering]], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution prostitution] and made ties with the [[American Mafia]] and Colombian [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_cartels drug cartels], eventually extending to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami Miami], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles Los Angeles], and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston Boston].<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-history_channel_6-4">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-history_channel-6 [6]]</sup> Those who went against him were usually killed. | ||
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The worldwide extent of Russian organized crime wasn't realized until [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Fainberg Ludwig "Tarzan" Fainberg] was arrested in January 1997, primarily because of global arms dealing. In 1990, Fainberg moved from Brighton Beach to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami Miami] and opened up a strip club called Porky's, which soon became a popular hangout for underworld criminals. Fainberg himself gained a reputation as an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassador ambassador] among international crime groups, becoming especially close to Juan Almeida, a Colombian cocaine dealer. Planning to expand his cocaine business, Fainberg acted as an intermediary between Almeida and the corrupt [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_military Russian military]. He helped him get six Russian military helicopters in 1993, and in the following year, helped arrange to buy a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine submarine] for cocaine smuggling. Unfortunately for the two of them, federal agents had been keeping a close eye on Fainberg for months. Alexander Yasevich, an associate of the Russian military contact and an undercover [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEA DEA] agent, was sent to verify the illegal dealing, and in 1997, Fainberg was finally arrested in Miami. Facing the possibility of life imprisonment, the latter agreed for his testimony against Almeida in exchange for a shorter sentence, which ended up being 33 months.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-history_channel_6-6">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-history_channel-6 [6]]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CBS_worldwide_7-2">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-CBS_worldwide-7 [7]]</sup> | The worldwide extent of Russian organized crime wasn't realized until [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Fainberg Ludwig "Tarzan" Fainberg] was arrested in January 1997, primarily because of global arms dealing. In 1990, Fainberg moved from Brighton Beach to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami Miami] and opened up a strip club called Porky's, which soon became a popular hangout for underworld criminals. Fainberg himself gained a reputation as an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassador ambassador] among international crime groups, becoming especially close to Juan Almeida, a Colombian cocaine dealer. Planning to expand his cocaine business, Fainberg acted as an intermediary between Almeida and the corrupt [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_military Russian military]. He helped him get six Russian military helicopters in 1993, and in the following year, helped arrange to buy a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine submarine] for cocaine smuggling. Unfortunately for the two of them, federal agents had been keeping a close eye on Fainberg for months. Alexander Yasevich, an associate of the Russian military contact and an undercover [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEA DEA] agent, was sent to verify the illegal dealing, and in 1997, Fainberg was finally arrested in Miami. Facing the possibility of life imprisonment, the latter agreed for his testimony against Almeida in exchange for a shorter sentence, which ended up being 33 months.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-history_channel_6-6">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-history_channel-6 [6]]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CBS_worldwide_7-2">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-CBS_worldwide-7 [7]]</sup> | ||
===2001–present=== | ===2001–present=== | ||
As the 21st century dawned, the Russian mafia remained live and well. New Mafia bosses sprung up, while imprisoned ones were released. Among the released were Pachovich Sloat,Marat Balagula and Vyacheslav Ivankov, both in 2004.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Balagula_release_22-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-Balagula_release-22 [22]]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ivankov_dead_23-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-Ivankov_dead-23 [23]]</sup> The latter was extradited to Russia, but was jailed once more for his alleged murders of two Turks in a Moscow restaurant in 1992; he was cleared of all charges and released in 2005. Four years later, he was assassinated by a shot in the stomach from a sniper.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ivankov_dead_23-1">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-Ivankov_dead-23 [23]]</sup> Meanwhile, | As the 21st century dawned, the Russian mafia remained live and well. New Mafia bosses sprung up, while imprisoned ones were released. Among the released were Pachovich Sloat,Marat Balagula and Vyacheslav Ivankov, both in 2004.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Balagula_release_22-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-Balagula_release-22 [22]]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ivankov_dead_23-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-Ivankov_dead-23 [23]]</sup> The latter was extradited to Russia, but was jailed once more for his alleged murders of two Turks in a Moscow restaurant in 1992; he was cleared of all charges and released in 2005. Four years later, he was assassinated by a shot in the stomach from a sniper.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ivankov_dead_23-1">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-Ivankov_dead-23 [23]]</sup> Meanwhile, Monya Elson, along with Leonid Roytman, were arrested in March 2006 for an unsuccessful murder plot against two [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev Kiev]-based businessmen.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Elson_2nd_arrest_24-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-Elson_2nd_arrest-24 [24]]</sup> | ||
In 2009, FBI agents in Moscow targeted two suspected Mafia leaders and two other corrupt businessmen. One of the leaders is Yevgeny Dvoskin, a criminal who had been in prison with Ivankov in 1995 and was deported in 2001 for breaking immigration regulations; the other is Konstantin "Gizya" Ginzburg, who is reportedly the current "big boss" of Russian organized crime in America after it was suspected that Ivankov handed over his control to him.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4_criminals_25-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-4_criminals-25 [25]]</sup> | In 2009, FBI agents in Moscow targeted two suspected Mafia leaders and two other corrupt businessmen. One of the leaders is Yevgeny Dvoskin, a criminal who had been in prison with Ivankov in 1995 and was deported in 2001 for breaking immigration regulations; the other is Konstantin "Gizya" Ginzburg, who is reportedly the current "big boss" of Russian organized crime in America after it was suspected that Ivankov handed over his control to him.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4_criminals_25-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-4_criminals-25 [25]]</sup> | ||
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As of 2009, Russian mafia groups have been said to reach over 50 countries and, as of 2010, have up to 300,000 members.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CBS_worldwide_7-3">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-CBS_worldwide-7 [7]]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-moscow_times_31-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-moscow_times-31 [31]]</sup> | As of 2009, Russian mafia groups have been said to reach over 50 countries and, as of 2010, have up to 300,000 members.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CBS_worldwide_7-3">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-CBS_worldwide-7 [7]]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-moscow_times_31-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-moscow_times-31 [31]]</sup> | ||
==Structure and composition== | ==Structure and composition== | ||
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Although most Russian criminal groups vary in their structure, there have been attempts at trying to figure out a model in how they work. One such model, which could be possibly out-dated structure, as it is based on the old style of Soviet criminal enterprises, works out like the following: | Although most Russian criminal groups vary in their structure, there have been attempts at trying to figure out a model in how they work. One such model, which could be possibly out-dated structure, as it is based on the old style of Soviet criminal enterprises, works out like the following: | ||
#Elite group: the leadership, oftentimes a ''vor'' or ''vory'', manages and organizes plans for operations. | #Elite group: the leadership, oftentimes a ''vor'' or ''vory'', manages and organizes plans for operations. | ||
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===Strongest ethnic criminal groups=== | ===Strongest ethnic criminal groups=== | ||
''Russian'' criminal gangs are rarely formed along ethnic lines. Within the post-Soviet criminal world there exist a multitude of strong ethnic criminal gangs who often cooperate with each other regardless of ethnic origin. The strongest, most well-represented groups are the following: | ''Russian'' criminal gangs are rarely formed along ethnic lines. Within the post-Soviet criminal world there exist a multitude of strong ethnic criminal gangs who often cooperate with each other regardless of ethnic origin. The strongest, most well-represented groups are the following: | ||
*''Russian'' criminal groups | *''Russian'' criminal groups<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-superforum.org_32-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-superforum.org-32 [32]]</sup> | ||
These consist of both [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Slavs Slavic] as well as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Jews Jewish] criminals. The most well-known of these gangs is the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solntsevskaya_Bratva Solntsevskaya Bratva]. | These consist of both [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Slavs Slavic] as well as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Jews Jewish] criminals. The most well-known of these gangs is the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solntsevskaya_Bratva Solntsevskaya Bratva]. | ||
*Chechen criminal groups | *Chechen criminal groups<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-superforum.org_32-1">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-superforum.org-32 [32]]</sup> | ||
The [[Chechen mafia]] has long held an important place in the Russian criminal underworld. | The [[Chechen mafia]] has long held an important place in the Russian criminal underworld. | ||
*Armenian criminal groups | *Armenian criminal groups<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-superforum.org_32-2">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-superforum.org-32 [32]]</sup> | ||
Organized criminal groups consisting of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_people Armenians] have long been active in the Eastern European underworld. Gangs with ties to the Armenian organized crime kingpins also exist abroad, such as the [[Armenian Power]] in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles Los Angeles]. | Organized criminal groups consisting of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_people Armenians] have long been active in the Eastern European underworld. Gangs with ties to the Armenian organized crime kingpins also exist abroad, such as the [[Armenian Power]] in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles Los Angeles]. | ||
*Georgian criminal groups | *Georgian criminal groups<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-superforum.org_32-3">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-superforum.org-32 [32]]</sup> | ||
Organized crime operating out of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_%28country%29 Georgia] is regarded to be one of the strongest in the former [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union Soviet Union]. ''Georgian'' criminals are mainly based out of the ethnic Georgian [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutaisi Kutaisi] region, the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svan_people Svaneti] and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingrelians Mingrelian] community and the Georgia-based [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidi Yazidi] community (such as [ | Organized crime operating out of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_%28country%29 Georgia] is regarded to be one of the strongest in the former [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union Soviet Union]. ''Georgian'' criminals are mainly based out of the ethnic Georgian [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutaisi Kutaisi] region, the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svan_people Svaneti] and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingrelians Mingrelian] community and the Georgia-based [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidi Yazidi] community (such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aslan_Usoyan Aslan Usoyan]). Georgian criminal groups are active throughout the former Soviet Union and Western Europe. | ||
*Azerbaijani criminal groups | *Azerbaijani criminal groups<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-superforum.org_32-4">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-superforum.org-32 [32]]</sup> | ||
Gangs consisting of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis Azerbaijanis] have long been a major force in the ''Russian'' criminal world. Azeri groups control a large portion of the illegal drug market, as well as being involved in weapon trafficking and kidnapping. | Gangs consisting of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis Azerbaijanis] have long been a major force in the ''Russian'' criminal world. Azeri groups control a large portion of the illegal drug market, as well as being involved in weapon trafficking and kidnapping. | ||
*Dagestani criminal groups<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-superforum.org_32-5">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-superforum.org-32 [32]]</sup> | *Dagestani criminal groups<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-superforum.org_32-5">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-superforum.org-32 [32]]</sup> | ||
The mountainous regions of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagestan Dagestan] have been a hotbed of clan strife for centuries. The Dagestani immigration (mostly by ethnic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avar_people_%28Caucasus%29 Avars]) to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow Moscow] and other major Russian cities have brought with them the formation of major organized criminal groups involved in a multitude of criminal activities. | The mountainous regions of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagestan Dagestan] have been a hotbed of clan strife for centuries. The Dagestani immigration (mostly by ethnic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avar_people_%28Caucasus%29 Avars]) to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow Moscow] and other major Russian cities have brought with them the formation of major organized criminal groups involved in a multitude of criminal activities. | ||
*Assyrian criminal groups | *Assyrian criminal groups<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-superforum.org_32-6">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-superforum.org-32 [32]]</sup> | ||
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrians Assyrians] who emigrated from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq Iraq] or who have lived in the former [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union Soviet Union] for centuries have formed criminal groups as well. Nowadays their power has waned, but ethnic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people Assyrian] organized crime groups (not necessarily in connection with their Russian counterparts) are active throughout [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe Europe], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America North America] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia Australia]. | [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrians Assyrians] who emigrated from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq Iraq] or who have lived in the former [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union Soviet Union] for centuries have formed criminal groups as well. Nowadays their power has waned, but ethnic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people Assyrian] organized crime groups (not necessarily in connection with their Russian counterparts) are active throughout [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe Europe], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America North America] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia Australia]. | ||
==Notable individual groups== | ==Notable individual groups== | ||
*The [[Solntsevskaya Bratva]]: Led by [[Sergei "Mikhas" Mikhailov]], it is Russia's largest criminal group with about 5,000 members, and is named after the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solntsevo_District Solntsevo district]. | *The [[Solntsevskaya Bratva]]: Led by [[Sergei "Mikhas" Mikhailov]], it is Russia's largest criminal group with about 5,000 members, and is named after the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solntsevo_District Solntsevo district].<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-focus_features_33-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-focus_features-33 [33]]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBC_rise_34-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-BBC_rise-34 [34]]</sup> | ||
*The [[Lyuberetskaja Bratva]] (russ.: Люберецкая Братва) or Ljubery (russ.: Люберы): One of the largest criminal groups in late 80-s early-mid 90-s in the USSR. Based in (and originating from) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyubertsy Lyubertsy] district of Moscow. | *The [[Lyuberetskaja Bratva]] (russ.: Люберецкая Братва) or Ljubery (russ.: Люберы): One of the largest criminal groups in late 80-s early-mid 90-s in the USSR. Based in (and originating from) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyubertsy Lyubertsy] district of Moscow. | ||
*The [[Dolgoprudninskaya]] gang: Russia's second largest criminal group. Origanally from the City of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolgoprudny Dolgoprudny]. | *The [[Dolgoprudninskaya]] gang: Russia's second largest criminal group.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBC_rise_34-1">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-BBC_rise-34 [34]]</sup> Origanally from the City of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolgoprudny Dolgoprudny]. | ||
*The '' | *The ''Izmaylovskaya'' gang: One of Russia's oldest modern gangs, it was started in the mid- to late-1980s by Oleg Ivanov; it has around 200–500 members in Moscow alone, and is namafter the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izmaylovo_District Izmaylovo District].<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-unreported_cases_35-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-unreported_cases-35 [35]]</sup> | ||
*The [[Tambov gang]]: Named after [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambov_Oblast Tambov Oblast], this group has been known to dominate [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg Saint Petersburg]; the man most associated with them is Vladimir Kumarin.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-unreported_cases_35-1">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-unreported_cases-35 [35]]</sup> | *The [[Tambov gang]]: Named after [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambov_Oblast Tambov Oblast], this group has been known to dominate [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg Saint Petersburg]; the man most associated with them is Vladimir Kumarin.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-unreported_cases_35-1">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-unreported_cases-35 [35]]</sup> | ||
*The [[Orekhovskaya Gan]]g: Founded by Segei "Sylvester" Timofeyev, this group reached its height in Moscow in the 1990s. When Timofeyev died, Sergei Butorin took his place. However, he was sentenced to jail for life in 2011. | *The [[Orekhovskaya Gan]]g: Founded by Segei "Sylvester" Timofeyev, this group reached its height in Moscow in the 1990s. When Timofeyev died, Sergei Butorin took his place. However, he was sentenced to jail for life in 2011.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ITAR-TASS_36-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-ITAR-TASS-36 [36]]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kyivpost_37-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-kyivpost-37 [37]]</sup> | ||
*The [[Odessa Mafia]]: The most prominent and dominant Russian criminal group operating in the US; its headquarter is in Brighton Beach.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mallory_3-5">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-Mallory-3 [3]]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-fas.org_38-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-fas.org-38 [38]]</sup> | *The [[Odessa Mafia]]: The most prominent and dominant Russian criminal group operating in the US; its headquarter is in Brighton Beach.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mallory_3-5">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-Mallory-3 [3]]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-fas.org_38-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-fas.org-38 [38]]</sup> | ||
*The [[Spetsialnoye Nazranie Bratva]] of Eastern Europe and West Asia, was founded in 1974, and means troops of special purpose in English, and have its origin from the army all the way back to KGB. Is Russia's one of the largest organisations today, with Branches in all the former Soviet states: Middle East, USA, Western Europe, Asia and Australia. | *The [[Spetsialnoye Nazranie Bratva]] of Eastern Europe and West Asia, was founded in 1974, and means troops of special purpose in English, and have its origin from the army all the way back to KGB. Is Russia's one of the largest organisations today, with Branches in all the former Soviet states: Middle East, USA, Western Europe, Asia and Australia. | ||
*The [[Brothers' Circle]]: Headed by Temuri Mirzoyev, this multi-ethnic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnational_crime transnational] group is "composed of leaders and senior members of several Eurasian criminal groups largely based in countries of the former Soviet Union but operating in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-treasury_39-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-treasury-39 [39]]</sup> In 2011, US President [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama Barack Obama] and his administration named it one of four transnational organized crime groups that posed the greatest threat to US national security, and sanctioned certain key members and froze their assets. A year later, he extended the national emergency against them for another year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-extend_sanctions_42-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-extend_sanctions-42 [42]]</sup> | *The [[Brothers' Circle]]: Headed by Temuri Mirzoyev, this multi-ethnic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnational_crime transnational] group is "composed of leaders and senior members of several Eurasian criminal groups largely based in countries of the former Soviet Union but operating in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-treasury_39-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-treasury-39 [39]]</sup> In 2011, US President [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama Barack Obama] and his administration named it one of four transnational organized crime groups that posed the greatest threat to US national security, and sanctioned certain key members and froze their assets.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hetq.am_40-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-hetq.am-40 [40]]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-most_powerful_41-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-most_powerful-41 [41]]</sup> A year later, he extended the national emergency against them for another year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-extend_sanctions_42-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-extend_sanctions-42 [42]]</sup> | ||
*The [[Semion Mogilevich]] Organization: Based in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest Budapest], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary Hungary] and headed by the crime boss of the same name, this group numbers approximately 250 members as of 1996. Its business is often tied with that of the ''Solntsevskaya Bratva'' and the Vyacheslav Ivankov Organization. | *The [[Semion Mogilevich]] Organization: Based in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest Budapest], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary Hungary] and headed by the crime boss of the same name, this group numbers approximately 250 members as of 1996. Its business is often tied with that of the ''Solntsevskaya Bratva'' and the Vyacheslav Ivankov Organization. Aleksey Anatolyevich Lugovcov is the second-in-command, and Vitaly Borisovich Savalovsky is the "underboss" to Mogilevich.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mogilevich_Organization_43-0">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_mafia#cite_note-Mogilevich_Organization-43 [43]]</sup> | ||
*The [[Uralmash]] gang of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterinburg Yekaterinburg]. | *The [[Uralmash]] gang of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterinburg Yekaterinburg]. | ||
*The [[Mkhedrioni]] was a paramilitary group involved in organised crime led by thief-in-law [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaba_Ioseliani Jaba Ioseliani] in 1990s Georgia. | *The [[Mkhedrioni]] was a paramilitary group involved in organised crime led by thief-in-law [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaba_Ioseliani Jaba Ioseliani] in 1990s Georgia. | ||
*[[Armenian Power]], or AP-13, is a California based crime syndicate tied to Russian and Armenian | *[[Armenian Power]], or AP-13, is a California based crime syndicate tied to Russian and Armenian organised crime. | ||
*The city of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan Kazan] was known for its gang culture, which later progressed into more | *The city of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan Kazan] was known for its gang culture, which later progressed into more organised, mafia-esque groups. This was known as the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan_phenomenon Kazan phenomenon]. | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Organization]] | ||
[[Category:Criminals]] | [[Category:Criminals]] | ||