Alfred Moore Waddell
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| “ | We will never surrender to a ragged raffle of Negroes, even if we have to choke the Cape Fear River with carcasses. | „ |
| ~ Alfred Moore Waddell |
Alfred Moore Waddell (September 16, 1834 – March 17, 1912) was an American politician and white supremacist. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as a U.S. representative from North Carolina between 1871 and 1879 and as mayor of Wilmington, North Carolina from 1898 to 1906.
Waddell was a leader of the Wilmington insurrection of 1898, in which a violent, coordinated mob of about 2,000 white men massacred up to 300 African-Americans, destroyed the property and businesses of African-Americans, and overthrew the elected Fusion government of the city of Wilmington, North Carolina; and Waddell became mayor of Wilmington after holding his predecessor at gunpoint and forcing him to resign. This event is considered to be the only coup d'état to have taken place on U.S. soil, and helped to initiate an era of severe racial segregation and disenfranchisement of African-Americans throughout the South.
Biography edit
Alfred Moore Waddell was born on September 16, 1834, in Hillsborough, North Carolina to Hugh and Susan Moore Waddell. He was the great-grandson of Colonel Hugh Waddell, Brigadier General Francis Nash, and U. S. Supreme Court Justice Alfred Moore, three of North Carolina’s leading Patriots during the American Revolution. He received his early education at William Bingham’s School and Caldwell Institute in Hillsborough prior to entering the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1850. After graduating from UNC in 1853, he studied under several distinguished lawyers, including Frederick Nash and Samuel H. Phillips, before being admitted to the bar in 1855. He soon moved to Wilmington, North Carolina to practice law.
Before the American Civil War, Waddell was involved in local and national politics. He supported the American Party in the presidential election of 1856. The following year, Alfred married Julia Savage; from this union were born two children: Elizabeth Savage and Alfred M., Jr. From 1858 to 1861, Waddell served as clerk of court for New Hanover County, and as a conservative-unionist he became embroiled in the sectional crisis. In 1860, for example, he served as an alternate delegate from North Carolina to the national convention of the Constitutional Union Party, and in July 1860, he purchased the Wilmington Herald, the leading Whig newspaper in the Cape Fear region, to oppose secession and to promote unionism.
When war came and North Carolina seceded and joined the Confederate States of America in 1861, Waddell reluctantly cast his lot with his state and joined the Third North Carolina Cavalry (also known as Forty-First Regiment North Carolina Troops), serving first as adjutant, and later as lieutenant colonel. At times fighting bad health more than Union troops, Waddell resigned in August 1864 and returned to Wilmington to start a law firm with his father.
After the war, Waddell was elected in 1870, 1872, 1874, and 1876 to Congress on the Conservative-Democratic ticket. As a congressman, “he was soon recognized,” writes historian Jerome Dowd, “as one of the ablest of the Southern members” and served on and eventually chaired the Post Office Committee. As a member of the Ku Klux Klan Committee, Waddell investigated the extralegal activities of the Ku Klux Klan and related organizations, such as the Knights of the White Camelia. A combination of forces contributed greatly to his 1878 congressional defeat: Democratic overconfidence, low voter turnout, and a severe illness. In 1878, after the death of his wife Julia, Alfred married Ellen Savage, Julia’s sister.
After his defeat, Waddell remained active in the Democratic Party. For instance, he attended the 1880 Democratic National Convention as a delegate-at-large and served on the convention’s platform committee. He also spent several months campaigning in New England and Pennsylvania, canvassing on behalf of the Democratic presidential candidate, former Union General Winfield Scott Hancock.
After returning to North Carolina in 1882, he became the editor of the Charlotte Journal (now the Charlotte Observer). The next year he returned to Wilmington and the practice of law. He canvassed North Carolina for the Grover Cleveland presidential ticket as an elector-at-large in 1888 and attended the 1896 Democratic National Convention as a delegate. In 1896, Alfred married his third wife, Gabrielle de Rosset, a member of a prominent Wilmington family.
Continuing his long association with the Democratic Party, Waddell championed the statewide White Supremacy campaign of 1898 in Wilmington. On November 10, 1898, he led, in the words of James M. Clifton, a radical revolution accompanied by bloodshed” which overthrew the government of Wilmington. This event has been known as the Wilmington Race Riot, described by Waddell as “perhaps the bloodiest race riot in North Carolina history,” and is now labeled by many as a coup.
Following his revolution, Waddell assumed mayorship of Wilmington and served in that capacity until 1905. A prolific writer in his later years, Waddell published A Colonial Officer and His Times, 1754-1773: A Biographical Sketch of General Hugh Waddell of North Carolina (Raleigh, 1890); A History of New Hanover County and the Lower Cape Fear Region (Wilmington, 1909); and Some Memories of My Life (Raleigh, 1908). On March 17, 1912, Alfred M. Waddell died in Wilmington and was buried in Oakdale Cemetery.